Endocytosis and Trafficking of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells Unraveled with a Polycationic Peptide.

The process of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) internalization has been described as following different pathways. The tumor-specific branched NT4 peptide has been demonstrated to bind HSPGs on the plasma membrane and to be internalized in tumor cell lines. The polycationic peptide has been also shown to impair migration of different cancer cell lines in 2D and 3D models. Our hypothesis was that HSPG endocytosis could affect two important phenomena of cancer development: cell migration and nourishment. Using NT4 as an experimental tool mimicking heparin-binding ligands, we studied endocytosis and trafficking of HSPGs in a triple-negative human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. The peptide entered cells employing caveolin- or clathrin-dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis, in line with what is already known about HSPGs. NT4 then localized in early and late endosomes in a time-dependent manner. The peptide had a negative effect on CDC42-activation triggered by EGF. The effect can be explained if we consider NT4 a competitive inhibitor of EGF on HS that impairs the co-receptor activity of the proteoglycan, reducing EGFR activation. Reduction of the invasive migratory phenotype of MDA-MB-231 induced by NT4 can be ascribed to this effect. RhoA activation was damped by EGF in MDA-MB-231. Indeed, EGF reduced RhoA-GTP and NT4 did not interfere with this receptor-mediated signaling. On the other hand, the peptide alone determined a small but solid reduction in active RhoA in breast cancer cells. This result supports the observation of few other studies, showing direct activation of the GTPase through HSPG, not mediated by EGF/EGFR.