ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2020
Global associations between macronutrient supply and age-specific mortality.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dietary Carbohydrate and Diverse Health Outcomes: Umbrella Review of 30 Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of 281 Observational Studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Diet composition, adherence to calorie restriction, and cardiometabolic disease risk modification.Aging cell · 2023Trial
- Testicular ageing as a central hallmark of male senescence: characteristics, molecular mechanisms and emerging therapeutic strategies.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Macronutrient mixtures and interactions in health and disease.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2026Review
- Association of Dietary Animal and Plant Protein Composition with All-Cause Mortality: 24-Year Population-Based Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Sex differences in association of cMIND diet with all-cause mortality in Chinese older adults: a 10-year national cohort study.BMC public health · 2026Observational
- Dietary and Pharmacological Modulation of Aging-Related Metabolic Pathways: Molecular Insights, Clinical Evidence, and a Translational Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- High Fat Low Carbohydrate Diet Is Linked to CNS Autoimmunity Protection.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- High-Fat and Low-Carbohydrate Dietary Environments Are Linked to Reduced Idiopathic Epilepsy Incidence and Prevalence.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Article
- Associations between national plant-based vs animal-based protein supplies and age-specific mortality in human populations.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Food environment with high plant-based fat supply is associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) protection: a global study with more than 150 countries.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- BMI Mediates the Association between Macronutrient Subtypes and Phenotypic Age Acceleration.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Does diet influence aging? Evidence from animal studies.Journal of internal medicine · 2024Review
- Associations between protein to non-protein ratio and intakes of other dietary components in a cohort aged 65-75 years: the Nutrition for Healthy Living Study.Public health nutrition · 2023Article
- Diet and mitonuclear haplotype interactions affect growth rate in a slime mould.Ecology and evolution · 2023Article
- Assessing the per Capita Food Supply Trends of 38 OECD Countries between 2000 and 2019-A Joinpoint Regression Analysis.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Multi-Nutrient Analysis of Dietary Macronutrients with All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality: Data from NHANES 1999-2014.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Testing the protein-leverage hypothesis using population surveillance data.Royal Society open science · 2022Article
- Multidimensional associations between nutrient intake and healthy ageing in humans.BMC biology · 2022Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Animal experiments have demonstrated that energy intake and the balance of macronutrients determine life span and patterns of age-specific mortality (ASM). Similar effects have also been detected in epidemiological studies in humans. Using global supply data and 1,879 life tables from 103 countries, we test for these effects at a macrolevel: between the nutrient supplies of nations and their patterns of ASM. We find that macronutrient supplies are strong predictors of ASM even after correction for time and economic factors. Globally, signatures of undernutrition are evident in the effects of low supply on life expectancy at birth and high mortality across ages, even as recently as 2016. However, in wealthy countries, the effects of overnutrition are prominent, where high supplies particularly from fats and carbohydrates are predicted to lead to high levels of mortality. Energy supplied at around 3,500 kcal/cap/d minimized mortality across ages. However, we show that the macronutrient composition of energy supply that minimizes mortality varies with age. In early life, 40 to 45% energy from each of fat and carbohydrate and 16% from protein minimizes mortality. In later life, replacing fat with carbohydrates to around 65% of total energy and reducing protein to 11% is associated with the lowest level of mortality. These results, particularly those regarding fats, accord both with experimental data from animals and within-country epidemiological studies on the association between macronutrient intake and risk of age-related chronic diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.