Trial reportDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2021
The majority of people with type 1 diabetes and multiple daily insulin injections benefit from using continuous glucose monitoring: An analysis based on the GOLD randomized trial (GOLD-5).
Trial report in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Treatment Satisfaction and Well-Being With Continuous Glucose Monitoring in People With Type 1 Diabetes: An Analysis Based on the GOLD Randomized Trial.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2025Trial
- The majority of people with type 1 diabetes and multiple daily insulin injections benefit from using continuous glucose monitoring: An analysis based on the GOLD randomized trial (GOLD-5).Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2021Trial
- The Association Between Ambient Temperature and Hypoglycemia in People Living With Type 1 Diabetes: A Case Time Series Analysis Using Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Real-world incidence and risk factors of level 3 (severe) hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 or 2 diabetes (iNPHORM, United States).Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Impact of continuous glucose monitoring on glycaemic risk index in adults with type 1 diabetes using multiple daily insulin injections in the GOLD trial.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2026Article
- Characterising impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia and associated risks through HypoA-Q: findings from a T1D Exchange cohort.Diabetologia · 2025Article
- Mitigating Severe Hypoglycemia in Users of Advanced Diabetes Technologies: Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycemia and Unhelpful Hypoglycemia Beliefs as Targets for Interventions.Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2024Article
- An mHealth Text Messaging Program Providing Symptom Detection Training and Psychoeducation to Improve Hypoglycemia Self-Management: Intervention Development Study.JMIR formative research · 2023Article
- 'You have to use everything and come to some equilibrium': a qualitative study on hypoglycemia self-management in users of continuous glucose monitor with diverse hypoglycemia experiences.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2023Article
- Non-adjunctive continuous glucose monitoring for control of hypoglycaemia (COACH): Results of a post-approval observational study.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2022Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 11 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimTo identify responders to continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in relation to reductions in HbA1c and percentage of time spent in hypoglycaemia after initiation of CGM for individuals with type 1 diabetes treated with multiple daily insulin injections. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe analysed data from 142 participants in the GOLD randomized clinical trial. We evaluated how many lowered their HbA1c by more than 0.4% (>4.7 mmol/mol) or decreased the time spent in hypoglycaemia over 24 hours by more than 20 or 30 minutes, and which baseline variables were associated with those improvements.
resultsLower reduction of HbA1c was associated with greater reduction of hypoglycaemia (r = -0.52; P < .0001). During CGM, 47% of participants lowered their HbA1c values by more than 0.4% (>4.7 mmol/mol) than with self-measurement of blood glucose, and 47% decreased the time spent in hypoglycaemia by more than 20 minutes over 24 hours. Overall, 78% either reduced their HbA1c by more than 0.4% (>4.7 mmol/mol) or the time spent in hypoglycaemia by more than 20 minutes over 24 hours, but only 14% improved both. Higher HbA1c, a lower percentage of time at less than 3.0 or 3.9 mmol/L, a lower coefficient of variation (CV) and a higher percentage of time above 13.9 mmol/L (P = .016) were associated with greater HbA1c reduction during CGM. The variables associated with a greater reduction of time in hypoglycaemia were female sex, greater time with glucose levels at less than 3.0 mmol/L, higher CV, and higher hypoglycaemia confidence as evaluated by a hypoglycaemic confidence questionnaire.
conclusionThe majority of people with type 1 diabetes managed by multiple daily insulin injections benefit from CGM; some experienced reduced HbA1c while others reduced the time spent in hypoglycaemia. These factors need to be considered by healthcare professionals and decision-makers for reimbursement and diabetes guidelines.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.