ArticleDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2021
Cost-effectiveness analysis of empagliflozin versus sitagliptin as second-line therapy for treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes in the United States.
Article in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2026Guideline
- A Systematic Review of Cost-Effectiveness Studies of Newer Non-Insulin Antidiabetic Drugs: Trends in Decision-Analytical Models for Modelling of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.PharmacoEconomics · 2023Pooled it
- Cost-Effectiveness of Newer Antidiabetic Drugs as Second-Line Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review.Advances in therapy · 2023Pooled it
- Evaluating Cost-Effectiveness in Relation to the Supporting Clinical Evidence Across the Type 2 Diabetes Continuum: A Review of Metformin and SGLT2is.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- Article
- Healthcare utilization, mortality, and cardiovascular events following GLP1-RA initiation in chronic kidney disease.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Health Care Utilization and Costs Associated With Empagliflozin in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2024Article
- Article
- Model-based predictions on health benefits and budget impact of implementing empagliflozin in people with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2023Article
- Pharmacokinetic comparison of sitagliptin and metformin HCl extended-release tablets versus JANUMETFrontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- CELESTIA: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Empagliflozin Versus Sitagliptin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Greece.ClinicoEconomics and outcomes research : CEOR · 2023Article
- Exorbitant Drug Loading of Metformin and Sitagliptin in Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablet: In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization in Healthy Volunteers.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Cost-effectiveness of second-line empagliflozin versus liraglutide for type 2 diabetes in the United States.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2022Article
- Prescribing Patterns of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors in Patients with CKD: A Cross-Sectional Registry Analysis.Kidney360 · 2022Article
- Performance of the UK Prospective Diabetes Study Outcomes Model 2 in a Contemporary UK Type 2 Diabetes Trial Cohort.Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research · 2022Article
- Cost-effectiveness of adding empagliflozin to the standard therapy for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction from the perspective of healthcare systems in China.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Article
- Healthcare Resource Utilization and Associated Costs in New Users of Empagliflozin versus DPP-4 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Agonists: A Comparative Analysis Based on Retrospective Real-World Data from German Sickness Funds.ClinicoEconomics and outcomes research : CEOR · 2022Article
- Cost-effectiveness analysis of empagliflozin versus sitagliptin as second-line therapy for treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes in the United States.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimTo estimate the cost-effectiveness of sequential addition of empagliflozin versus sitagliptin after metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with or without cardiovascular disease (CVD) from the perspective of the US healthcare payer.
methodsAn individual simulation model predicted lifetime diabetes-related complications, using UKPDS-OM2 equations in patients without CVD, and EMPA-REG OUTCOME equations in patients with CVD. Additional US-based sources informed inputs for population characteristics, adverse events, non-CV death, treatment escalation, quality of life and costs. Costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were discounted 3.0% annually.
resultsThe incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for second-line empagliflozin versus sitagliptin in the overall T2D population was $6967/QALY. Empagliflozin led to longer CVD-free survival (0.07 years) and an 11% reduction in CV death in patients with CVD compared with sitagliptin. Empagliflozin resulted in greater benefits with greater costs in patients with versus without baseline CVD, yielding ICERs of $3589/QALY versus $12 577/QALY, respectively. Results were consistent across a range of deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses and scenarios.
conclusionCompared with sitagliptin, empagliflozin was cost-effective (at $50 000/QALY US threshold) as a second-line treatment to metformin for T2D patients with or without CVD in the United States. Our findings lend additional support for more widespread adoption of guidelines by healthcare decision-makers for T2D treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.