ArticleBrain, behavior, and immunity2021
Inflammatory phenotype of depression symptom structure: A network perspective.
Article in Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- The inflammation-depression link: How social networks buffer or exacerbate risk.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- The interface of depression and diabetes: treatment considerations.Translational psychiatry · 2025Review
- Evidence of symptom specificity for depression in multiple sclerosis: A two sample Mendelian randomization study.Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2024Article
- Sex-specific associations between levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and severity of depression: retrospective cross-sectional analysis of inpatients in China.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Chronic inflammation is associated with worsening working memory performance: Preliminary evidence from a diverse, longitudinal cohort of adolescents and young adults.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2024Article
- Systemic low-grade inflammation associated with specific depressive symptoms: insights from network analyses of five independent NHANES samples.General psychiatry · 2024Article
- Networks of C-reactive protein and depression symptoms in patients with stable coronary heart disease: Findings from the Heart and Soul Study.International journal of methods in psychiatric research · 2023Article
- Mediation of the Association Between Vascular Risk Factors and Depressive Symptoms by C-Reactive Protein.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2023Article
- Effects of elevated emotional symptoms on metabolic disease development: a 10-year follow-up study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Towards a multidimensional model of inflamed depression.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2022Article
- Networks of inflammation, depression, and cognition in aging males and females.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2022Article
- Does the moderator matter? Identification of multiple moderators of the association between peripheral inflammatory markers and depression severity in a large racially diverse community cohort.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2022Article
- Inflammatory cytokines and callosal white matter microstructure in adolescents.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2022Article
- C-Reactive Protein as a Biomarker for Major Depressive Disorder?International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Linking childhood trauma and cytokine levels in depressed adolescents.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2021Article
- Building a replicable and clinically-impactful immunopsychiatry: Methods, phenotyping, and theory integration.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2021Article
- Inflammation and depression: Research designs to better understand the mechanistic relationships between depression, inflammation, cognitive dysfunction, and their shared risk factors.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere has been increasing interest in classifying inflammatory phenotypes of depression. Most investigations into inflammatory phenotypes only have tested whether elevated inflammation is associated with elevated levels of depression symptoms, or risk for a diagnosis. This study expanded the definition of phenotype to include the structure of depression symptoms as a function of inflammation.
methodsNetwork models of depression symptoms were estimated in a sample of 4157 adults (mean age = 47.6, 51% female) from the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Analyses included comparisons of networks between those with elevated (C-reactive protein (CRP) values ≥ 3.0 mg/L; N = 1696) and non-elevated CRP (N = 2841) as well as moderated network models with CRP group status and raw CRP values moderating the associations between depression symptoms.
resultsDifferences emerged at all levels of analysis (global, symptom-specific, symptom-symptom associations). Specifically, the elevated CRP group had greater symptom connectivity (stronger total associations between symptoms). Further, difficulty concentrating and psychomotor difficulties had higher expected influence (concordance with other symptoms) in the elevated CRP group. Finally, there was evidence that several symptom-symptom associations were moderated by CRP.
conclusionsThis study provides consistent evidence that the structure of depression symptoms varies as a function of CRP levels. Greater symptom connectivity might contribute to why elevated CRP is associated with treatment-resistant depression. Additionally, differences in symptom structure might highlight different maintenance mechanisms and treatment targets for individuals with compared to those without elevated CRP. Finally, differences in symptom structure as a function of CRP highlight a potential misalignment of standard depression measures (the structure of which are evaluated on groups unselected for CRP levels) and the presentation of depression symptoms in those with elevated CRP.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.