Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33333204›Full record

SynthesisDiabetes research and clinical practice2021

The absolute and relative risk of type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 129 studies.

Rebecca A Dennison, Eileen S Chen, Madeline E Green, Chloe Legard, Deeya Kotecha, George Farmer, Stephen J Sharp, Rebecca J Ward, Juliet A Usher-Smith, Simon J Griffin

Open access · hybridAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 118 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
118citing papers in PubMed, 10 pooled it
7.2field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

118 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 179 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Adverse Maternal and Neonatal Health Outcomes: an Umbrella review of Meta-Analyses.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026
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58 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.

Rebecca A DennisonThe Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: RL423@medschl.cam.ac.uk.
Eileen S ChenSchool of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK.
Madeline E GreenSchool of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK.
Chloe LegardSchool of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK.
Deeya KotechaSchool of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: DK537@cam.ac.uk.
George FarmerSchool of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: GF312@cam.ac.uk.
Stephen J SharpMRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: Stephen.Sharp@mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk.
Rebecca J WardThe Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: rebeccajane.ward@nhs.net.
Juliet A Usher-SmithThe Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: JAU20@medschl.cam.ac.uk.
Simon J GriffinThe Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: ProfGP@medschl.cam.ac.uk.
University of Cambridge · GB

Funding

Cancer Research UK 21464Cancer Research UK A21464Medical Research Council MC_UU_00006/6Medical Research Council MC_UU_12015/4
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsTo estimate development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in women with previous gestational diabetes (GDM) and investigate characteristics associated with higher diagnoses, building on previous meta-analyses and exploring heterogeneity.

methodsSystematic literature review of studies published up to October 2019. We included studies reporting progression to T2DM ≥6 months after pregnancy, if diagnostic methods were reported and ≥50 women with GDM participated. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regression of absolute and relative T2DM risk. PROSPERO ID: CRD42017080299.

resultsIn 129 included studies, the percentage diagnosed with T2DM was 12% (95% confidence interval 8-16%) higher for each additional year after pregnancy, with a third developing diabetes within 15 years. Development was 18% (5-34%) higher per unit BMI at follow-up, and 57% (39-70%) lower in White European populations compared to others (adjusted for ethnicity and follow-up). Women with GDM had a relative risk of T2DM of 8.3 (6.5-10.6). 17.0% (15.1-19.0%) developed T2DM overall, although heterogeneity between studies was substantial (I

conclusionsPercentage developing T2DM after GDM is highly variable. These findings highlight the need for sustained follow-up after GDM through screening, and interventions to reduce modifiable risk factors.

Indexed as

AdolescentAdultDiabetes, GestationalDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2FemaleHumansMass ScreeningPregnancyRiskRisk FactorsYoung AdultGestational diabetesIncidenceMeta-analysisSystematic reviewType 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID33333204
PMCPMC7610694
OpenAlexW3111270620

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.