ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2021
Impact of Sex and Metabolic Comorbidities on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Mortality Risk Across Age Groups: 66 646 Inpatients Across 613 U.S. Hospitals.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID-19 severity and mortality.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- In-hospital cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19-associated cytokine storm: a population-level study.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2026Article
- Prognosis of patients with a history of organ transplantation during active COVID-19 infection.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Prognostic Impact of Vaccination, Comorbidity, and Inflammatory Biomarkers on Clinical Outcome in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- New Kids on the Block: Estimating Use of Next-generation Gram-negative Antibiotics Across Greater Than 700 Hospitals in the United States.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Immune cell communication networks and memory CD8Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Changes in use of multiplex respiratory panel testing during the COVID-19 pandemic.Infection control and hospital epidemiology · 2024Observational
- Association between lipid profile and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Adipose tissue‑derived extracellular vesicles: Systemic messengers in health and disease (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2023Review
- Delivery outcomes in a cohort of pregnant patients with COVID-19 with and without viral pneumonia.American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM · 2023Article
- CYP19A1 mediates severe SARS-CoV-2 disease outcome in males.Cell reports. Medicine · 2023Article
- Comorbidities associated with 30-day readmission following index coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalization: A retrospective cohort study of 331,136 patients in the United States.Infection control and hospital epidemiology · 2023Article
- Impact of COVID-19 in individuals with and without pre-existent digestive disorders with a particular focus on elderly patients.World journal of gastroenterology · 2023Review
- The immunogenetics of COVID-19.Immunogenetics · 2023Review
- Explaining the higher COVID-19 mortality rates among disproportionately Black counties: A decomposition analysis.SSM - population health · 2023Article
- Along party Lines: Examining the gubernatorial party difference in COVID-19 mortality rates in U.S. Counties.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- Association between any underlying health condition and COVID-19-associated hospitalization by age group, Washington State, 2020-2021: a retrospective cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Association of COVID-19 with Comorbidities: An Update.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2023Review
- Patterns, Predictors, and Intercenter Variability in Empiric Gram-Negative Antibiotic Use Across 928 United States Hospitals.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccines in primary prevention against infections and reduction in severity of illness following the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant in Shanghai.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe relationship between common patient characteristics, such as sex and metabolic comorbidities, and mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains incompletely understood. Emerging evidence suggests that metabolic risk factors may also vary by age. This study aimed to determine the association between common patient characteristics and mortality across age-groups among COVID-19 inpatients.
methodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study of patients discharged from hospitals in the Premier Healthcare Database between April-June 2020. Inpatients were identified using COVID-19 ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes. A priori-defined exposures were sex and present-on-admission hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and interactions between age and these comorbidities. Controlling for additional confounders, we evaluated relationships between these variables and in-hospital mortality in a log-binomial model.
resultsAmong 66 646 (6.5%) admissions with a COVID-19 diagnosis, across 613 U.S. hospitals, 12 388 (18.6%) died in-hospital. In multivariable analysis, male sex was independently associated with 30% higher mortality risk (aRR, 1.30, 95% CI: 1.26-1.34). Diabetes without chronic complications was not a risk factor at any age (aRR 1.01, 95% CI: 0.96-1.06), and hypertension without chronic complications was a risk factor only in 20-39 year-olds (aRR, 1.68, 95% CI: 1.17-2.40). Diabetes with chronic complications, hypertension with chronic complications, and obesity were risk factors in most age-groups, with highest relative risks among 20-39 year-olds (respective aRRs 1.79, 2.33, 1.92; P-values ≤ .002).
conclusionsHospitalized men with COVID-19 are at increased risk of death across all ages. Hypertension, diabetes with chronic complications, and obesity demonstrated age-dependent effects, with the highest relative risks among adults aged 20-39.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.