ArticleBrain structure & function2021
Distribution and ultrastructural localization of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in the rat brain.
Article in Brain structure & function, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Improvement of irritable bowel syndrome with glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- Elevated endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 as a novel Alzheimer's disease biomarker associated with neuroinflammation and Aβ pathology.General psychiatry · 2026Article
- Evoke (+) trials of semaglutide for early alzheimer's disease: Innovations, lessons, and implications.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Review
- The central amygdala gates exogenous glucagon-like peptide 1 signals.Molecular metabolism · 2026Article
- Linagliptin, a Selective DPP-4 Inhibitor, Attenuates Ketamine- and Diazepam-Induced Deficits in Passive Avoidance Performance in Mice.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- The complexity of pain in osteoarthritis.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- The effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on sympathetic neuron activity.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Impact of Semaglutide on Hippocampal Injury in a Streptozotocin-Induced Model of Alzheimer's Disease.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- GLP-1 and Parkinson's Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Biology, Mechanisms and Efficacy.Cells · 2026Review
- Glucagon-like Peptide-1 and Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Brain: Exploring the Expanding Role and Safety in Neuropsychiatry.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- GLP-1 RAs for Treating Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatosis Liver Disease: From GLP-1 Discovery to FDA Approval: A Comprehensive Narrative Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Balancing metabolic optimization and reproductive safety in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Bayesian-informed framework for GLP-1 receptor agonists.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Neurobiological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Binge Eating Disorder: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Research to Treat Overeating and Substance Use Disorders.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Review
- PACAP Signalling Network in the Nucleus Accumbens Core Regulates Reinstatement Behaviour in Rat.Addiction biology · 2025Article
- Metabolic Modulators in Depression: Emerging Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Comprehensive Review.Cureus · 2025Review
- Current understanding and controversy on brain access of GLP-1 and GLP-1 receptor agonists.Journal of translational internal medicine · 2025Article
- Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, but not dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, reduce alcohol intake.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Hypothalamic Regulation of Satiation: Cognitive and Neural Insights from Human and Animal Studies.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) inhibits food intake and regulates glucose homeostasis. These actions are at least partly mediated by central GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Little information is available, however, about the subcellular localization and the distribution of the GLP-1R protein in the rat brain. To determine the localization of GLP-1R protein in the rat brain, immunocytochemistry was performed at light and electron microscopic levels. The highest density of GLP-1R-immunoreactivity was observed in the circumventricular organs and regions in the vicinity of these areas like in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). In addition, GLP-1R-immunreactive (IR) neuronal profiles were also observed in a number of telencephalic, diencephalic and brainstem areas and also in the cerebellum. Ultrastructural examination of GLP-1R-immunoreactivity in energy homeostasis related regions showed that GLP-1R immunoreactivity is associated with the membrane of perikarya and dendrites but GLP-1R can also be observed inside and on the surface of axon varicosities and axon terminals. In conclusion, in this study we provide a detailed map of the GLP-1R-IR structures in the CNS. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in addition to the perikaryonal and dendritic distribution, GLP-1R is also present in axonal profiles suggesting a presynaptic action of GLP-1. The very high concentration of GLP-1R-profiles in the circumventricular organs and in the ARC and NTS suggests that peripheral GLP-1 may influence brain functions via these brain areas.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.