ArticleCellular & molecular immunology2021
A longitudinal study of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients reveals a high correlation between neutralizing antibodies and COVID-19 severity.
Article in Cellular & molecular immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04950803 (A Randomised-controlled Trial of an Oral Microbiome Immunity Formula in Reducing Development of Long-term Co-morbidities in Recovered COVID-19 Patients), which is not on this map. Cited by 216 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomised-controlled Trial of an Oral Microbiome Immunity Formula in Reducing Development of Long-term Co-morbidities in Recovered COVID-19 Patients
Who cites it
216 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 338 citations in OpenAlex.
- Role of previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 in protecting against omicron reinfections and severe complications of COVID-19 compared to pre-omicron variants: a systematic review.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Correlation between pseudotyped virus and authentic virus neutralisation assays, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Comparable safety and non-inferior immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate PTX-COVID19-B and BNT162b2 in a phase 2 randomized, observer-blinded study.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- The anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody bamlanivimab minimally affects the endogenous immune response to COVID-19 vaccination.Science translational medicine · 2022Trial
- Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity response to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2021Trial
- Phase 1 randomized trial of a plant-derived virus-like particle vaccine for COVID-19.Nature medicine · 2021Trial
- Association of COVID-19 vaccines and antibody response in individuals with prior Coronavirus infection.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Host proteins associated with strong neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in a South African cohort.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 S IgG Antibodies in Children Post-COVID-19 and the Association of Antibody Levels with Vaccination Status.Current microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Infectious and Immunological Links Between Periodontitis and COVID-19: A Review.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2025Review
- Temporal correlations between RBD-ACE2 blocking and binding antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 variants in CoronaVac-vaccinated individuals and their persistence in COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune responses in convalescent individuals over 12 months reveal severity-dependent antibody dynamics.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Primary Infection with Early SARS-CoV-2 (D614G) Induces Cross Neutralization Antibodies against Omicron BA.5 and EG.5.1.The Kobe journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Persistence and decay of neutralizing antibody responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity in a Canadian cohort.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- A Large-Scale Serological Survey in Pets From October 2020 Through June 2021 in France Shows Significantly Higher Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in Cats Compared to Dogs.Zoonoses and public health · 2025Article
- Diabetes exacerbates SARS-CoV-2 replication through ineffective pulmonary interferon responses, delayed cell-mediated immunity, and disruption of leptin signaling.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Neutralizing antibody responses over time in a demographically and clinically diverse cohort of individuals recovered from SARS-CoV-2 acquisition in Africa: A cohort study.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Quantitative IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein in infected individuals strongly correlates with lung injury.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Impaired mucosal IgA response in patients with severe COVID-19.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
156 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
22 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Understanding the immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection is critical in terms of protection against reinfection and, thus, for public health policy and vaccine development for COVID-19. In this study, using either live SARS-CoV-2 particles or retroviruses pseudotyped with the SARS-CoV-2 S viral surface protein (Spike), we studied the neutralizing antibody (nAb) response in serum samples from a cohort of 140 SARS-CoV-2 qPCR-confirmed infections, including patients with mild symptoms and also more severe forms, including those that required intensive care. We show that nAb titers correlated strongly with disease severity and with anti-spike IgG levels. Indeed, patients from intensive care units exhibited high nAb titers; conversely, patients with milder disease symptoms had heterogeneous nAb titers, and asymptomatic or exclusive outpatient-care patients had no or low nAbs. We found that nAb activity in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients displayed a relatively rapid decline after recovery compared to individuals infected with other coronaviruses. Moreover, we found an absence of cross-neutralization between endemic coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2, indicating that previous infection by human coronaviruses may not generate protective nAbs against SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we found that the D614G mutation in the spike protein, which has recently been identified as the current major variant in Europe, does not allow neutralization escape. Altogether, our results contribute to our understanding of the immune correlates of SARS-CoV-2-induced disease, and rapid evaluation of the role of the humoral response in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is warranted.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.