SynthesisBMC medicine2021
Non-genetic risk and protective factors and biomarkers for neurological disorders: a meta-umbrella systematic review of umbrella reviews.
Synthesis in BMC medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 35 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Uncovering the Causal Link Between Obesity-Associated Genes and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Literature Review.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- eHealth tools to assess the neurological function for research, in absence of the neurologist - a systematic review, part I (software).Journal of neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Global population attributable fraction of potentially modifiable risk factors for mental disorders: a meta-umbrella systematic review.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Alcohol and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses Base on Prospective Cohort Studies.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Pre-existing health conditions and severe COVID-19 outcomes: an umbrella review approach and meta-analysis of global evidence.BMC medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Leveraging machine learning with real-world data for hypothesis generation by identifying exposomic predictors in Parkinson's disease among farmers.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Co-occurrence patterns and related risk factors of fractures and Parkinson's disease across 204 countries and territories.Medicine · 2026Article
- Use of machine learning and voice for multiclass classification of Parkinson's disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and healthy controls.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Unraveling the molecular mechanisms of aluminium chloride-induced Alzheimer's disease.Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine · 2026Review
- Global, regional and national burden of neurodegenerative diseases attributable to smoking: A descriptive study based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Personalized prevention of neurodegenerative diseases: scoping review and evidence gap map.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Towards effective interventions: scoping review on prevention and modifiable risk factors of neurodegenerative diseases.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Proposed mechanisms of neuroprotection for nicotine in Parkinson's disease.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2025Review
- A Genome-wide study on the genetic and causal effects of smoking in neurodegeneration.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Protective Factors Against Hypertension: A Retrospective Population-Based Analysis of Resilience in High-Risk Groups.Cureus · 2025Article
- Proteostasis disruption and lipid dyshomeostasis in neurodegeneration: exploring common druggable targets across sporadic and monogenic disorders.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2025Review
- Association between smoking status and suicidal ideation, planning, and attempts among adults in South Korea: a population-based cross-sectional survey.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Beneficial and Detrimental Effects of Uric Acid on Alzheimer's Disease.Current neuropharmacology · 2025Review
- Genome-wide association studies of coffee intake in UK/US participants of European ancestry uncover cohort-specific genetic associations.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Applications of artificial intelligence-machine learning for detection of stress: a critical overview.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe etiologies of chronic neurological diseases, which heavily contribute to global disease burden, remain far from elucidated. Despite available umbrella reviews on single contributing factors or diseases, no study has systematically captured non-purely genetic risk and/or protective factors for chronic neurological diseases.
methodsWe performed a systematic analysis of umbrella reviews (meta-umbrella) published until September 20th, 2018, using broad search terms in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, DARE, and PROSPERO. The PRISMA guidelines were followed for this study. Reference lists of the identified umbrella reviews were also screened, and the methodological details were assessed using the AMSTAR tool. For each non-purely genetic factor association, random effects summary effect size, 95% confidence and prediction intervals, and significance and heterogeneity levels facilitated the assessment of the credibility of the epidemiological evidence identified.
resultsWe identified 2797 potentially relevant reviews, and 14 umbrella reviews (203 unique meta-analyses) were eligible. The median number of primary studies per meta-analysis was 7 (interquartile range (IQR) 7) and that of participants was 8873 (IQR 36,394). The search yielded 115 distinctly named non-genetic risk and protective factors with a significant association, with various strengths of evidence. Mediterranean diet was associated with lower risk of dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), cognitive impairment, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases in general. In Parkinson disease (PD) and AD/dementia, coffee consumption, and physical activity were protective factors. Low serum uric acid levels were associated with increased risk of PD. Smoking was associated with elevated risk of multiple sclerosis and dementia but lower risk of PD, while hypertension was associated with lower risk of PD but higher risk of dementia. Chronic occupational exposure to lead was associated with higher risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Late-life depression was associated with higher risk of AD and any form of dementia.
conclusionsWe identified several non-genetic risk and protective factors for various neurological diseases relevant to preventive clinical neurology, health policy, and lifestyle counseling. Our findings could offer new perspectives in secondary research (meta-research).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.