ReviewJournal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD2021
Sexual Dimorphism in the 3xTg-AD Mouse Model and Its Impact on Pre-Clinical Research.
Review in Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 112 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Assessment of the Association of Periodontitis and Diabetes Mellitus with Alzheimer's Disease in a Mouse Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
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- Virus-mediated gene transfer of soluble amyloid precursor protein-alpha via systemic injection in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.Gene therapy · 2026Article
- Transcranial pulse stimulation modulates spectral signatures of Alzheimer's disease in the 3×Tg-AD mouse model.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Article
- Sigma-1 receptor positive allosteric modulator promotes neuronal survival and improves cognitive deficits in AD mice via sigma-1 receptor/ERK pathway.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
- A Novel Competing Endogenous RNA Linked to Dysregulated Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease.Cells · 2026Article
- Premature Neuroimmune and Redox-Inflammatory Breakdown at the Prodromal Stage in Male and Female Triple-Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Aberrant medial entorhinal cortex dynamics link tau pathology to spatial memory impairment.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The 3xTg-AD Mouse Model: A Comprehensive Tool for Understanding Alzheimer's Disease.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Therapeutic nanoliposome vaccine targeting multiple Aβ and tau epitopes reduces AD-like brain pathologies and rescues cognitive deficits in 3xTg-AD mice.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Article
- Physical exercise mitigates motor and muscular deficits in the 3xTg-AD model of Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Update on sex-specific microglia contribution to early synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2026Review
- TSPO contributes to neuropathology and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Genotype and microbiome shape immunity in a sex-specific manner in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Rhynchophylline alleviates cognitive deficits in multiple transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease via modulating neuropathology and gut microbiota.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2025Article
- ACSL3 is a promising therapeutic target for alleviating anxiety and depression in Alzheimer's disease.GeroScience · 2025Article
- Brain and plasmatic CLUSTERIN are translational markers of Alzheimer's disease.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Female sex is a leading risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sexual dimorphism in AD is gaining attention as clinical data show that women are not only more likely to develop AD but also to experience worse pathology and faster cognitive decline. Pre-clinical AD research in animal models often neglects to address sexual dimorphism in evaluation of behavioral or molecular characteristics and outcomes. This can compromise its translation to a clinical setting. The triple-transgenic AD mouse model (3xTg-AD) is a commonly used but unique AD model because it exhibits both amyloid and tau pathology, essential features of the human AD phenotype. Mounting evidence has revealed important sexually dimorphic characteristics of this animal model that have yet to be reviewed and thus, are often overlooked in studies using the 3xTg-AD model. In this review we conduct a thorough analysis of reports of sexual dimorphism in the 3xTg-AD model including findings of molecular, behavioral, and longevity-related sex differences in original research articles through August 2020. Importantly, we find results to be inconsistent, and that strain source and differing methodologies are major contributors to lack of consensus regarding traits of each sex. We first touch on the nature of sexual dimorphism in clinical AD, followed by a brief summary of sexual dimorphism in other major AD murine models before discussing the 3xTg-AD model in depth. We conclude by offering four suggestions to help unify pre-clinical mouse model AD research inspired by the NIH expectations for considering sex as a biological variable.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.