ArticleeLife2021
Evidence for adaptive evolution in the receptor-binding domain of seasonal coronaviruses OC43 and 229e.
Article in eLife, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 74 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mapping Sub-National Respiratory Virus Circulation in Cambodia Using Metatranscriptomic Sequencing: A Multi-Center Hospital-Based Surveillance Study.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- Pandemic-driven immune imprinting accelerates evolution of human coronavirus OC43.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Mutations to the HCoV-229E spike have counterbalancing effects on serum antibody neutralization and receptor binding.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Epidemiological characteristics and genetic evolution of rhinovirus in Jining City, 2024-2025.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Rational Design of Multiclade Coronavirus Spike Immunodominant Domain Nanoparticles to Elicit Broad Antibody Responses.Research square · 2025Article
- Current Status and Challenges of Vaccine Development for Seasonal Human Coronaviruses.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Evolutionary Insight into Fatal Human Coronaviruses (hCoVs) with a Focus on Circulating SARS-CoV-2 Variants Under Monitoring (VUMs).Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Rational Design of Multiclade Coronavirus Spike Immunodominant Domain Nanoparticles to Elicit Broad Antibody Responses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Contemporary seasonal human coronaviruses display differences in cellular tropism compared to laboratory-adapted reference strains.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Frequency dynamics predict viral fitness, antigenic relationships and epidemic growth.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- 'Vivaldi': an amplicon-based whole-genome sequencing method for the four seasonal human coronaviruses, 229E, NL63, OC43 and HKU1, alongside SARS-CoV-2.Microbial genomics · 2025Article
- Characterization of spike S1/S2 processing and entry pathways of lentiviral pseudoviruses bearing seasonal human coronaviruses NL63, 229E, and HKU1 spikes.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- A yeast-based reverse genetics system to generate HCoV-OC43 reporter viruses encoding an eighth subgenomic RNA.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Association of poultry vaccination with interspecies transmission and molecular evolution of H5 subtype avian influenza virus.Science advances · 2025Article
- Waning immunity drives respiratory virus evolution and reinfection.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2025Article
- Discordant phylodynamic and spatiotemporal transmission patterns driving the long-term persistence and evolution of human coronaviruses.Npj viruses · 2024Article
- Review
- Diversifying selection identified in immune epitopes of bovine coronavirus isolates from Irish cattle.The Journal of general virology · 2024Article
- Challenges in Emerging Vaccines and Future Promising Candidates against SARS-CoV-2 Variants.Journal of immunology research · 2024Review
- An atlas of continuous adaptive evolution in endemic human viruses.Cell host & microbe · 2023Article
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Seasonal coronaviruses (OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1) are endemic to the human population, regularly infecting and reinfecting humans while typically causing asymptomatic to mild respiratory infections. It is not known to what extent reinfection by these viruses is due to waning immune memory or antigenic drift of the viruses. Here we address the influence of antigenic drift on immune evasion of seasonal coronaviruses. We provide evidence that at least two of these viruses, OC43 and 229E, are undergoing adaptive evolution in regions of the viral spike protein that are exposed to human humoral immunity. This suggests that reinfection may be due, in part, to positively selected genetic changes in these viruses that enable them to escape recognition by the immune system. It is possible that, as with seasonal influenza, these adaptive changes in antigenic regions of the virus would necessitate continual reformulation of a vaccine made against them.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.