SynthesisSchizophrenia bulletin2021
The Self in the Spectrum: A Meta-analysis of the Evidence Linking Basic Self-Disorders and Schizophrenia.
Synthesis in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 116 citations in OpenAlex.
- The severity of dissociation and dissociative phenomena in non-affective psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analyses.BMC psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Basic Self-disorders Across Psychiatric Diagnoses and Risk Syndromes: An Updated Meta-analysis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Pooled it
- L'espace vécu and Its Perturbations in Schizophrenia: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Altered Body-Centric Metrics-Personal and Peripersonal Space.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence and assessment of self-disorders in the schizophrenia spectrum: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Theoretical Perspectives on the Minimal and Narrative Self in the Schizophrenia Spectrum: An Integrative Review.Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Cognitive sciencePooled it
- Metacognition and Self-Disturbances in Schizophrenia: Implications for Psychological and Neurocognitive Therapy.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Comparative profiles of anomalous self-experiences and social cognition in clinical high risk for psychosis and autism spectrum disorder.Schizophrenia research. Cognition · 2026Article
- Early deviations from normative brain morphology and cortical microstructure in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- The intersection between psychedelics and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Reevaluating risk and therapeutic potential.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Spatial disruptions and the embodied Self in schizophrenia: toward a developmental framework.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Disrupted Emergent Properties of the Brain in Schizophrenia: Insight From Integrated Information Decomposition of Resting State fMRI.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- The Concept of Autism in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder: Historical Divergence and Phenomenological Rapprochement.Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2026Review
- Poor insight and self-disorders in schizophrenia: an empirical study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Narrative Identity Development In Adolescents And Young Adults: A Scoping Review.Clinical neuropsychiatry · 2026Review
- Bodily Self-Disturbances and Hallucinations in Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Review
- "Schizophrenia, Consciousness, and the Self" Twenty Years Later: Revisiting the Ipseity-Disturbance Model and the Developmental Nature of Self-Disorder in the Schizophrenia Spectrum.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Review
- Causal Discovery Analysis Reveals Insights into Psychosis Proneness, Brain Function, and Environmental Factors among Young Individuals.Psychiatry research. Neuroimaging · 2025Article
- Self, Me, or I? Unravelling the Triumvirate of Selfhood in Pathological Consciousness.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Presence of Psychotic Spectrum Symptoms Before Age 12 in Schizophrenia Patients: A Retrospective Study on Clinical Implications for Early Detection and Intervention.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Self-disturbance in first-episode psychosis: Theoretical framework and potential cannabis interactions - a systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Disturbed self-experience has been reported as a characteristic feature of schizophrenia since the first formulation of its diagnostic concept; however, only in the last 2 decades an explicit notion of basic Self-disturbance, or Self-Disorders (SD), has emerged as target for a systematic research program. We conducted systematic searches in bibliographical databases to identify cross-sectional studies that explored SD across different diagnostic groups and explored diagnostic ascription within or outside schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) as main outcome. Data were pooled using fixed- and random-effects meta-analysis models. Heterogeneity was assessed using stratified meta-analyses and meta-regression. Of 218 identified studies, 32 were included in the systematic review and 27 in the meta-analysis. Patients diagnosed with SSD scored higher on measures of SD than healthy controls (HC) (Hedges' g = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.5 to 2.0), individuals diagnosed with other mental illness (OMI) (1.9; 1.6 to 2.2), bipolar or affective disorders (1.8; 1.4 to 2.2), and clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) (1.6; 0.9 to 2.4). Patients with schizotypy or schizotypal personality disorder scored higher on measures of SD than OMI (1.5; 1.3 to 1.8) and HC (1.4; 1.1 to 1.7). Patients with first-episode psychosis scored higher on measures of SD than HC (2.5; 2.1 to 2.9) and OMI (1.6; 1.2 to 2.1). Subjects at CHR scored higher on measures of SD than HC (2.0; 1.7 to 2.2) and OMI (19; 1.6 to 2.2). Overall, heterogeneity ranged from negligible to high, especially in comparisons of the target group with OMI, probably as a reflection of the immanent diagnostic heterogeneity of this group. The findings suggest that SD selectively aggregate within schizophrenia spectrum disorders as compared to other mental disorders and that they could be a central phenotypic marker of vulnerability to schizophrenia across the different shades of severity of its spectrum of disorders.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.