ReviewApplied microbiology and biotechnology2021
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19: the never-ending story.
Review in Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Novel endogenous protein-based strategies to inhibit clinically relevant bacterial AB-type toxins including pertussis toxin.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- Research progress on antiviral drugs and vaccines for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Antiviral Activity of Synthetic Bis-Naphthoquinone (H-5) against Chikungunya Virus Replication.Current topics in medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- The Role of Hydroxychloroquine in the Management of Rheumatic Disorders: A Comprehensive Review.Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology · 2025Review
- Hydroxychloroquine: A double‑edged sword (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2025Review
- Innate immune and endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response pathways protectJournal of biosciences · 2025Article
- Efficacy and Safety of Antimalarial as Repurposing Drug for COVID-19 Following Retraction of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine.Clinical pharmacology : advances and applications · 2025Review
- Coordination chemistry suggests that independently observed benefits of metformin and ZnBiometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine · 2024Article
- Inhibition of endocytic uptake of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and endo-lysosomal acidification by diphenoxylate.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2024Article
- Traditional Chinese Medicine as the Preventive and Therapeutic Remedy for COVID-19.Current medicinal chemistry · 2024Review
- Epstein-Barr virus-acquired immunodeficiency in myalgic encephalomyelitis-Is it present in long COVID?Journal of translational medicine · 2023Review
- Article
- A Comparison of Etiology, Pathogenesis, Vaccinal and Antiviral Drug Development between Influenza and COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Plant Extracts and SARS-CoV-2: Research and Applications.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Clinical implications of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease.World journal of gastroenterology · 2023Review
- Solar Photocatalysis for the Decontamination Of Water from Emerging Pharmaceutical Pollutant Chloroquine Using Nano ZnO as the Catalyst.Water, air, and soil pollution · 2023Article
- Drugs for COVID-19: An Update.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2-Based Biosensing Modalities and Devices for Coronavirus Detection.Biosensors · 2022Review
- Pseudoscience and fraudulent products for COVID-19 management.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The anti-malarial drugs chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been suggested as promising agents against the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that induces COVID-19 and as a possible therapy for shortening the duration of the viral disease. The antiviral effects of CQ and HCQ have been demonstrated in vitro due to their ability to block viruses like coronavirus SARS in cell culture. CQ and HCQ have been proposed to reduce immune reactions to infectious agents, inhibit pneumonia exacerbation, and improve lung imaging investigations. CQ analogs have also revealed the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in treating viral infections and related ailments. There was, moreover, convincing evidence from early trials in China about the efficacy of CQ and HCQ in the anti-COVID-19 procedure. Since then, research and studies have been massive to ascertain these drugs' efficacy and safety in treating the viral disease. In the present review, we construct a synopsis of the main properties and current data concerning the metabolism of CQ/HCQ, which were the basis of assessing their potential therapeutic roles against the new coronavirus infection. The effective role of QC and HCQ in the prophylaxis and therapy of COVID-19 infection is discussed in light of the latest international medical-scientific research results. KEY POINTS: • Data concerning metabolism and properties of CQ/HCQ are discussed. • The efficacy of CQ/HCQ against COVID-19 has been the subject of contradictory results. • CQ/HCQ has little or no effect in reducing mortality in SARS-CoV-2-affected patients.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.