Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33546168›Full record

ReviewInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021

The Intersection of Rural Residence and Minority Race/Ethnicity in Cancer Disparities in the United States.

Whitney E Zahnd, Cathryn Murphy, Marie Knoll, Gabriel A Benavidez, Kelsey R Day, Radhika Ranganathan, Parthenia Luke, Anja Zgodic, Kewei Shi, Melinda A Merrell and 3 more

Open access · goldAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
73citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
7.7field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

73 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 116 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  18. Understanding the influence of social determinants of health on symptom reporting in pediatric cancer.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2025
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13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Whitney E ZahndRural & Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29210, USA.
Cathryn MurphyRural & Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29210, USA.
Marie KnollDepartment of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
Gabriel A BenavidezRural & Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29210, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2268-6229
Kelsey R DayDepartment of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
Radhika RanganathanRural & Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29210, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8443-373X
Parthenia LukeCollege of Social Work, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6744-1164
Anja ZgodicRural & Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29210, USA.
Kewei ShiRural & Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29210, USA.
Melinda A MerrellRural & Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29210, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6465-0454
Elizabeth L CrouchRural & Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29210, USA.
Heather M BrandtSt. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1066-2879
Jan M EberthRural & Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29210, USA.
University of South Carolina · USSt. Jude Children's Research Hospital · US

Funding

Viral Vector Technology (VVTSR)P30CA021765 · NCI · ST. JUDE CHILDREN'S RESEARCH HOSPITAL · PI Markos Leggas · 1985 to 2026
$166.9M
Biomedical-Behavioral Interface: Prevention and Developmental Sciences TrainingT32GM081740 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AT COLUMBIA · PI PRINZ, RONALD J · 2008 to 2022
$4.5M
Federal Office of Rural Health Policy U1CRH30539National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health P30CA021765National Institutes of Health-National Institute of General Medical Sciences T32-GM081740NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM081740
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

One in every twenty-five persons in America is a racial/ethnic minority who lives in a rural area. Our objective was to summarize how racism and, subsequently, the social determinants of health disproportionately affect rural racial/ethnic minority populations, provide a review of the cancer disparities experienced by rural racial/ethnic minority groups, and recommend policy, research, and intervention approaches to reduce these disparities. We found that rural Black and American Indian/Alaska Native populations experience greater poverty and lack of access to care, which expose them to greater risk of developing cancer and experiencing poorer cancer outcomes in treatment and ultimately survival. There is a critical need for additional research to understand the disparities experienced by all rural racial/ethnic minority populations. We propose that policies aim to increase access to care and healthcare resources for these communities. Further, that observational and interventional research should more effectively address the intersections of rurality and race/ethnicity through reduced structural and interpersonal biases in cancer care, increased data access, more research on newer cancer screening and treatment modalities, and continued intervention and implementation research to understand how evidence-based practices can most effectively reduce disparities among these populations.

Indexed as

EthnicityNeoplasmsBlack or African AmericanHealthcare DisparitiesHealth Services AccessibilityHumansMinority GroupsRural PopulationUnited Statesaccess to carecancer disparitiescancer outcomescancer surveillanceracial/ethnic minoritiesruralsocial determinants of health

Identifiers

PMID33546168
PMCPMC7913122
OpenAlexW3128278835

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.