Trial reportDiabetologia2021
Effects of linagliptin vs glimepiride on cognitive performance in type 2 diabetes: results of the randomised double-blind, active-controlled CAROLINA-COGNITION study.
Trial report in Diabetologia, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01243424 (A Multicentre, International, Randomised, Parallel Group, Double Blind Study to Evaluate Cardiovascular Safety of Linagliptin Versus Glimepiride in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at High Cardiovascular Risk.), which is not on this map. Cited by 22 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Multicentre, International, Randomised, Parallel Group, Double Blind Study to Evaluate Cardiovascular Safety of Linagliptin Versus Glimepiride in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at High Cardiovascular Risk.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk of Dementia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Using SGLT2 Inhibitors Versus DPP-4 Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors alleviate cognitive dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Lipids in health and disease · 2023Pooled it
- Cognitive protection of incretin-based therapies in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on clinical studies.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2023Pooled it
- Neurovascular Actions of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Implications for Cognitive Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Association between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and risk of dementia in older adults with type 2 diabetes: A target trial emulation.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Comparative effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for incident dementia: A retrospective multicohort study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Comparative dementia risk with GLP1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, or DPP4 inhibitors: a population-based cohort study.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2025Article
- Article
- Cognitive dysfunction in diabetes - the 'forgotten' diabetes complication: a narrative review.Scandinavian journal of primary health care · 2025Review
- Risk Factors, Pathological Changes, and Potential Treatment of Diabetes-Associated Cognitive Dysfunction.Journal of diabetes · 2025Review
- Association between use of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor and the risk of incident dementia: a population-based cohort study.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2025Article
- The double life of glucose metabolism: brain health, glycemic homeostasis, and your patients with type 2 diabetes.BMC medicine · 2024Review
- Risk of dementia after initiation of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in adults aged 40-69 years with type 2 diabetes: population based cohort study.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2024 · on this mapArticle
- Article
- Comparison of glimepiride and linagliptin in the treatment of non-alcoholic hepatic disease with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2024Article
- Effects of DPP4 Inhibitors as Neuroprotective Drug on Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.International journal of endocrinology · 2024Review
- What have clinical trials taught us about brain health?Cerebral circulation - cognition and behavior · 2024Article
- Drug target Mendelian randomisation: are we really instrumenting drug use?Diabetologia · 2023Article
- Relationship between glycemic control and cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Article
- Evaluating the efficacy and mechanism of metformin targets on reducing Alzheimer's disease risk in the general population: a Mendelian randomisation study.Diabetologia · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
aims/hypothesisType 2 diabetes, particularly with concomitant CVD, is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. We assessed the effect on accelerated cognitive decline (ACD) of the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin vs the sulfonylurea glimepiride in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
methodsThe CAROLINA-COGNITION study was part of the randomised, double-blind, active-controlled CAROLINA trial that evaluated the cardiovascular safety of linagliptin vs glimepiride in individuals with age ≥40 and ≤85 years and HbA
resultsOf 6033 participants recruited from hospital and primary care sites, 3163 (38.0% female, mean age/diabetes duration 64/7.6 years, MMSE score 28.5, HbA CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationIn a large, international outcome trial in people with relatively early type 2 diabetes at elevated cardiovascular risk, no difference in risk for ACD was observed between linagliptin and glimepiride over 6.1 years.
fundingThis study was sponsored by Boehringer Ingelheim.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01243424.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.