ArticleAmerican journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology2021
Carrageenan-containing over-the-counter nasal and oral sprays inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cultures.
Article in American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Carrageenan-Containing Nasal Spray Alleviates Allergic Symptoms in Participants with Grass Pollen Allergy: A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Clinical Trial.International journal of general medicine · 2024Trial
- Effect of oral antiseptics in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infectivity: evidence from a randomized double-blind clinical trial.Emerging microbes & infections · 2022Trial
- The Saliva of Probands Sucking an Iota-Carrageenan Containing Lozenge Inhibits Viral Binding and Replication of the Most Predominant Common Cold Viruses and SARS-CoV-2.International journal of general medicine · 2021Trial
- Efficacy of a Nasal Spray Containing Iota-Carrageenan in the Postexposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 in Hospital Personnel Dedicated to Patients Care with COVID-19 Disease.International journal of general medicine · 2021Trial
- Article
- Bioprinting in Tissue Repair and Its ENT Applications.Polymers · 2026Review
- Beyond Nutrition: The Therapeutic Promise of Seaweed-Derived Polysaccharides Against Bacterial and Viral Threats.Marine drugs · 2025Review
- Carrageenans and the Carrageenan-Echinochrome Complex as Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Synergistic Antiviral Activity of European Black Elderberry Fruit Extract and Quinine Against SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virusa.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Antiviral activity of natural and modified hydrocolloids: main sources, susceptible viruses, structure-activity relationship and mechanisms of action.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Biodegradable Gelatin-Carrageenan Sponges: High-Potential Functional Nasal Packs for Efficient Secretome Delivery.Polymers · 2024Article
- Antiviral fibrils of self-assembled peptides with tunable compositions.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Sulfated Polysaccharides from Seaweeds: A Promising Strategy for Combatting Viral Diseases-A Review.Marine drugs · 2023Review
- Preprocedural Viral Load Effects of Oral Antiseptics on SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Polysaccharides Extracted fromMarine drugs · 2023Article
- Carrageenan fromBiosensors · 2023Article
- Small molecules in the treatment of COVID-19.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2022Review
- Focus on Marine Animal Safety and Marine Bioresources in Response to the SARS-CoV-2 Crisis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Macromolecular Viral Entry Inhibitors as Broad-Spectrum First-Line Antivirals with Activity against SARS-CoV-2.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2022Article
- Therapeutic activity of fucoidan and carrageenan as marine algal polysaccharides against viruses.3 Biotech · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Pharmaceutical interventions are urgently needed to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission. As SARS-CoV-2 infects and spreads via the nasopharyngeal airways, we analyzed the antiviral effect of selected nasal and oral sprays on virus infection in vitro. Two nose sprays showed virucidal activity but were cytotoxic precluding further analysis in cell culture. One nasal and one mouth spray suppressed SARS-CoV-2 infection of TMPRSS2-expressing Vero E6 cells and primary differentiated human airway epithelial cultures. The antiviral activity in both sprays could be attributed to polyanionic ι- and κ-carrageenans. Thus, application of carrageenan-containing nasal and mouth sprays may reduce the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection and may limit viral spread, warranting further clinical evaluation.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.