ReviewImmunological reviews2021
Host-directed therapy to combat mycobacterial infections.
Review in Immunological reviews, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 139 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Two Worlds, One Battle: How Bacteria and Malignancies Converge on Drug Resistance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Emerging host-directed strategies for overcoming drug resistance and immune evasion in Staphylococcus aureus infections.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial Resistance inAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Macrophages During Mycobacterium avium Versus Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection.Molecular microbiology · 2026Article
- Host-directed microRNA-based intervention against intracellularFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- An exhaustive cell-based screen coupled with an intracellular-induced lux-based reporter identified bioactive molecules that inhibit host cell infection by intracellular pathogens.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Drug resistance mechanisms inFrontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- HIF-1α at the intersection of hypoxia, ferroptosis-associated stress, and cell death crosstalk in osteomyelitis.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Nintedanib Enhances the Antibacterial Activity of Bedaquiline Against Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria: In vitro and in Mice Models.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- PIKfyve mediates the maturation of mycobacteria-containing vesicles.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Fighting the invader: strategies against intracellular bacteria.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Scutellarin suppresses Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced pyroptosis in macrophages by inhibiting the HIF-1α-mediated Warburg effect.Redox report : communications in free radical research · 2025Article
- Gut microbiota and tuberculosis infection: interaction and therapeutic potential.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Pathogenicity and virulence ofVirulence · 2025Review
- Macrophage targeted cellular microparticles synergize anti-tuberculosis therapy combining CircRNA-mediated host immune defense and antibiotic killing.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Endogenous hepcidin plays an essential role inEmerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Deciphering macrophage dynamics and immune evasion strategies by the intracellular bacteria.Immunologic research · 2025Review
- Furamidine enhances IL-23-mediated autophagic response through IL-23R-TYK2-STAT3-dependent regulation of intracellular Ca²⁺ level to facilitate mycobacterial clearance in human macrophages.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2025Article
- Advanced Nanosystems and Emerging Therapies: Innovations in Tuberculosis Treatment and Drug Resistance.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Upon infection, mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), are recognized by host innate immune cells, triggering a series of intracellular processes that promote mycobacterial killing. Mycobacteria, however, have developed multiple counter-strategies to persist and survive inside host cells. By manipulating host effector mechanisms, including phagosome maturation, vacuolar escape, autophagy, antigen presentation, and metabolic pathways, pathogenic mycobacteria are able to establish long-lasting infection. Counteracting these mycobacteria-induced host modifying mechanisms can be accomplished by host-directed therapeutic (HDT) strategies. HDTs offer several major advantages compared to conventional antibiotics: (a) HDTs can be effective against both drug-resistant and drug-susceptible bacteria, as well as potentially dormant mycobacteria; (b) HDTs are less likely to induce bacterial drug resistance; and (c) HDTs could synergize with, or shorten antibiotic treatment by targeting different pathways. In this review, we will explore host-pathogen interactions that have been identified for Mtb for which potential HDTs impacting both innate and adaptive immunity are available, and outline those worthy of future research. We will also discuss possibilities to target NTM infection by HDT, although current knowledge regarding host-pathogen interactions for NTM is limited compared to Mtb. Finally, we speculate that combinatorial HDT strategies can potentially synergize to achieve optimal mycobacterial host immune control.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.