ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
Sexual Dimorphism in Innate Immunity: The Role of Sex Hormones and Epigenetics.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 192 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
192 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 284 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex- and gender-specific differences in treatment efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine: a scoping review.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of serum total testosterone and luteinizing hormone variations across hospitalized Covid-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Impact of Distinct Antiandrogen Exposures on the Plasma Metabolome in Feminizing Gender-affirming Hormone Therapy.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Trial
- Naoxueshu Oral Liquid Accelerates Post-Craniotomy Hematoma Absorption in Patients: An Open-Label, Multicenter, and Randomized Controlled Trial.Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2024Trial
- An Epidemiology-Constrained Framework for Mechanistic Hypothesis Restriction and Prioritization in Complex Disease.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice · 2026Article
- Chrono-immunotherapy in genitourinary oncology: From emerging evidence to clinical translation (Review).Oncology letters · 2026Review
- Baseline peripheral inflammatory profiles predict phenoconversion in prodromal Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal cohort study.Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society · 2026Article
- Integration of methylome and transcriptome reveals age-associated signatures of stage-specific dynamics and regulatory remodeling in dogs.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Deficiency in circulating T cells in four core genotypes mice with Sry translocation.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Inflammatory Cytokines Impair Glucagon Expression and Secretion in Pancreatic α-Cells.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Plasma Cytokine and Caspase-1p20 Profiles in Pre-Pandemic and Long COVID-Associated Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Article
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Hens and roosters of two distinct lines differ in immune cell profiles.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Female sex is associated with improved survival after perioperative immunotherapy in resectable non-small cell lung cancer.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Inflammaging Beyond Biomarkers: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Integrated Transcriptome Landscape of mRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, and miRNAs Reveals Molecular Regulatory Networks of Sex Differentiation in the Zig-Zag Eel (International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Asymptomatic COVID-19 among university students during the low-risk transmission period.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Establishment of an Autoimmune Premature Ovarian Insufficiency Mouse Model with Proteomic Analyses: An Exploratory Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
132 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism refers to differences between biological sexes that extend beyond sexual characteristics. In humans, sexual dimorphism in the immune response has been well demonstrated, with females exhibiting lower infection rates than males for a variety of bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens. There is also a substantially increased incidence of autoimmune disease in females compared to males. Together, these trends indicate that females have a heightened immune reactogenicity to both self and non-self-molecular patterns. However, the molecular mechanisms driving the sexually dimorphic immune response are not fully understood. The female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, as well as the male androgens, such as testosterone, elicit direct effects on the function and inflammatory capacity of immune cells. Several studies have identified a sex-specific transcriptome and methylome, independent of the well-described phenomenon of X-chromosome inactivation, suggesting that sexual dimorphism also occurs at the epigenetic level. Moreover, distinct alterations to the transcriptome and epigenetic landscape occur in synchrony with periods of hormonal change, such as puberty, pregnancy, menopause, and exogenous hormone therapy. These changes are also mirrored by changes in immune cell function. This review will outline the evidence for sex hormones and pregnancy-associated hormones as drivers of epigenetic change, and how this may contribute to the sexual dimorphism. Determining the effects of sex hormones on innate immune function is important for understanding sexually dimorphic autoimmune diseases, sex-specific responses to pathogens and vaccines, and how innate immunity is altered during periods of hormonal change (endogenous or exogenous).
Indexed as
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.