Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33652379›Full record

Trial reportDrug and alcohol dependence2021

Racial disparities in intensity of smoke exposure and nicotine intake among low-dependence smokers.

Jolie T K Ho, Rachel F Tyndale, Timothy B Baker, Christopher I Amos, Ami Chiu, Nina Smock, Jingling Chen, Laura J Bierut, Li-Shiun Chen

Open access · greenAbstract readClinical Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
0.5field-weighted citation impact, top 39% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
  2. Unmet Health-Related Social Needs Among Black Adults Who Smoke.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. The Associations ofInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2023
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.

Jolie T K HoDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Rachel F TyndaleCampbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Timothy B BakerDepartment of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
Christopher I AmosDepartment of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Houston, TX, USA.
Ami ChiuDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Nina SmockDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Jingling ChenDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Laura J BierutDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Li-Shiun ChenDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Electronic address: li-shiun@wustl.edu.
Washington University in St. Louis · USBarnes-Jewish Hospital · USCentre for Addiction and Mental Health · CADartmouth College · USUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison · US

Funding

Washington University Center for Cellular ImagingP30CA091842 · NCI · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Shawn Shafer · 2001 to 2026
$128.0M
WU INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCESUL1TR002345 · NCATS · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI William G. Powderly · 2017 to 2026
$97.8M
Translating Molecular and Clinical Data to Population Lung Cancer Risk AssessmentU19CA203654 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO HEALTH SCIS CTR · PI Christopher I. Amos · 2017 to 2026
$23.7M
Genetically Informed Smoking Cessation TrialR01DA038076 · NIDA · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI CHEN, LI-SHIUN · 2014 to 2018
$3.3M
CIHRNCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002345NCI NIH HHS P30 CA091842NCI NIH HHS U19 CA203654NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA038076
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCompared to white smokers, Black smokers are at disproportionately higher risk for smoking-related disease, despite consuming fewer cigarettes per day (CPD). To examine racial disparities in biobehavioral influences on smoking and disease risk, we analyzed the relationship between self-reported tobacco dependence and intensity of tobacco smoke exposure per cigarette, on the one hand, and intensity of nicotine intake per cigarette, on the other.

methodsIn 270 Black and 516 white smokers, smoke exposure was measured by expired carbon monoxide (CO), and nicotine intake was measured by plasma cotinine (COT) and cotinine+3'-hydroxycotinine ([COT + 3HC]). Using linear regression analyses, we analyzed how the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD) predicted intensity of smoke exposure per cigarette (CO/CPD) and intensity of nicotine intake per cigarette (COT/CPD; [COT + 3HC]/CPD), and how race moderated these relations.

resultsOverall, Black smokers consumed fewer CPD than white smokers and had higher levels of CO/CPD, COT/CPD, and [COT + 3HC]/CPD. These elevations were most pronounced at lower levels of dependence: amongst Black smokers, FTCD negatively predicted intensity of smoke exposure as measured by CO/CPD (B = -0.12, 95% CI = -0.18, -0.05, p = 0.0003) and intensity of nicotine intake as measured by [COT + 3HC]/CPD (B = -1.31, 95% CI = -2.15, -0.46, p = 0.002).

conclusionsLow-dependence Black smokers had higher intensities of both smoke exposure and nicotine intake per cigarette compared to similarly dependent white smokers, suggesting that measures of dependence, exposure, and intake underestimate incremental risk of each cigarette to Black smokers.

Indexed as

Black or African AmericanWhite PeopleAdultCarbon MonoxideCigarette SmokingCotinineFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedNicotineRace FactorsTobacco Smoke PollutionTobacco Use DisorderCarbon MonoxideCotinineNicotineTobacco Smoke PollutionNicotine intakeRacial disparitiesSmoke exposureSmoking intensityTobacco dependence

Identifiers

PMID33652379
PMCPMC8335796
OpenAlexW3131892221

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.