ReviewToxins2021
Uremic Toxins in the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets.
Review in Toxins, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 222 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Furosemide and Creatinine Tubular Stress Test in Order to Measure Proximal Tubule Residual Function: is It Better Than GFR?
Impact of Kremezin on Renal Recovery and Uremic Toxin Levels in Patients With Acute Kidney Disease
Impact of Synbiotic Supplementation in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Who cites it
222 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 324 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanistic pathways linking gut microbial metabolites, microbial structural products, and host-microbe co-metabolites to mitochondrial function.Gut microbes · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of Exercise Training on Experimental Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of amino acid supplementation on cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases: a systematic review.Cardiovascular research · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Metabolic Signatures of Youth Exposure to Mixtures of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: A Multi-Cohort Study.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Trial
- Changes in the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients Undergoing Fecal Microbiota Transplantation.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- The hemodynamic cost of intermittent hemodialysis and systemic organ stunning.Renal failure · 2026Review
- Revisiting the hemodiafiltration with endogenous reinfusion: what is its merit in clinical practice? A narrative review.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Analytical and clinical validation of a competitive ELISA for serum indoxyl sulfate and its clinical association with chronic kidney disease risk stratification.Renal failure · 2026Article
- A Bibliometric Analysis of Publications in Uremic Toxins From 1991 to 2024.Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy · 2026Review
- Trained Immunity as a Mechanistic Bridge Between Uremic Toxins, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2026Review
- Trained Immunity as a Mechanistic Bridge Between Uremic Toxins, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2026Review
- Alterations of Gene Expression and Signaling Pathway Activity in Venous Smooth Muscle Cells After Uremic Serum Exposure.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease Severity on COVID-19 Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Electrochemical Biosensor-Based Evaluation of Cholinergic Biomarkers in Experimental Nephropathy.Analytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Article
- The effect of dietary fiber based on fermentability and viscosity on the gut microbiome composition in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review of experimental and clinical trials.Research square · 2026Article
162 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function. The gradual decline in kidney function leads to an accumulation of toxins normally cleared by the kidneys, resulting in uremia. Uremic toxins are classified into three categories: free water-soluble low-molecular-weight solutes, protein-bound solutes, and middle molecules. CKD patients have increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), due to an assortment of CKD-specific risk factors. The accumulation of uremic toxins in the circulation and in tissues is associated with the progression of CKD and its co-morbidities, including CVD. Although numerous uremic toxins have been identified to date and many of them are believed to play a role in the progression of CKD and CVD, very few toxins have been extensively studied. The pathophysiological mechanisms of uremic toxins must be investigated further for a better understanding of their roles in disease progression and to develop therapeutic interventions against uremic toxicity. This review discusses the renal and cardiovascular toxicity of uremic toxins indoxyl sulfate, p-cresyl sulfate, hippuric acid, TMAO, ADMA, TNF-α, and IL-6. A focus is also placed on potential therapeutic targets against uremic toxicity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.