ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2021
Energy and macronutrient intakes at breakfast and cognitive declines in community-dwelling older adults: a 9-year follow-up cohort study.
Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between dietary diversity and healthy aging: a systematic review.BMC nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of Culinary Spices on Liking and Consumption of Protein Rich Foods in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Dietary Carotenoids and Cognitive Decline: A Longitudinal Study Among Chinese Middle-Aged and Older Adults.Health care science · 2026Article
- Relevance and Safe Utilization of Amino Acids in Supplements for Human Nutrition: Lessons from Clinical and Preclinical Studies.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Article
- Effects of Protein Intake on Cognitive Function in Chinese Older Adults: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Meal Pattern Variables and 15-Year Mortality: Results from the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Studies, Sweden.Food & nutrition research · 2025Article
- Nutrition intake modifies the association between pulmonary function and cognitive performance among elderly Americans from NHANES 2011-2012.European geriatric medicine · 2024Article
- The association of energy and macronutrient intake at breakfast and cardiovascular disease in Chinese adults: From a 14-year follow-up cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Diet in the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease: Current Knowledge and Future Research Requirements.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Long-term dietary protein intake and subjective cognitive decline in US men and women.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Article
- Dietary Diversity and Healthy Aging: A Prospective Study.Nutrients · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIt is unclear whether breakfast consumption and breakfast composition are independently associated with changes in cognition over a long-term period in older adults.
objectivesWe aimed to examine the associations between energy and macronutrient intakes at breakfast and cognitive declines.
methodsWe included 2935 participants aged 55-93 y at baseline from the China Health and Nutrition Survey in our analysis. Cognition was assessed in 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, and 2015. Dietary intake was assessed using weighing methods in combination with 24-h food records.
resultsBreakfast contributed to 25.9% of total energy intake of the day and percentages of breakfast energy intake from protein, fat, and carbohydrates were 12.8%, 11.5%, and 75.7%, respectively. During a median follow-up of 9 y, the β values for changes in global cognitive z-scores for Quintile 5 of protein and fat intakes at breakfast, with Quintile 1 as the reference, were 0.13 (95% CI: 0.01-0.25) and 0.17 (95% CI: 0.04-0.30), respectively. Substitution of 5% energy from carbohydrates with equivalent energy from protein (β, 0.06; 95% CI: 0.01-0.11) or fat (β, 0.05; 95% CI: 0.02-0.08) at breakfast was positively associated with the change in the global cognitive z-score. Energy intake at breakfast was not significantly associated with the global cognitive z-score. Similar results were found for the verbal memory z-score. The positive association of breakfast fat intake and the inverse association of breakfast carbohydrate intake with cognitive declines were stronger in urban residents.
conclusionsHigher intakes of protein and fat and lower intake of carbohydrates at breakfast were associated with a lower rate of cognitive decline in older adults. Substitution of carbohydrates with protein or fat intake at breakfast may help to delay or prevent cognitive declines.
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Registered trials
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