ArticleDevelopmental science2021
I know better! Emerging metacognition allows adolescents to ignore false advice.
Article in Developmental science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Towards an integrative neuroscience of metacognition.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2026Review
- Drops in confidence precede symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Indecision and recency-weighted evidence integration in non-clinical and clinical settings.Nature human behaviour · 2026Article
- Understanding the impact of misinformation on adolescents.Nature human behaviour · 2026Review
- The Relationship between Perceived Friendship Quality and Self-Judgements in Adolescent Girls from London.The Journal of early adolescence · 2025Article
- Developmental differences in social information use under uncertainty: A neurocomputational approach.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2025Article
- A short-term longitudinal study linking adolescents' metacognition, learning, and social friendship networks.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2025Article
- Can you help me? Using others to offload cognition.Memory & cognition · 2025Article
- Longitudinal changes in the value and influence of parent and peer attitudes about externalizing behaviors across adolescence.Developmental psychology · 2024Article
- Neural Tracking of Perceived Parent, but Not Peer, Norms Is Associated with Longitudinal Changes in Adolescent Attitudes about Externalizing Behaviors.Journal of cognitive neuroscience · 2024Article
- Probing apathy in children and adolescents with the Apathy Motivation Index-Child version.Behavior research methods · 2024Article
- Age-related decreases in global metacognition are independent of local metacognition and task performance.Cognition · 2023Article
- Computational Mechanisms of Addiction and Anxiety: A Developmental Perspective.Biological psychiatry · 2023Review
- Monitoring and control processes in mock witnesses in under-represented non-WEIRD samples with high or low educational level.Memory & cognition · 2023Article
- Spontaneous Thought Characteristics are Differentially Related to Heightened Negative Affect vs. Blunted Positive Affect in Adolescents: An Experience Sampling Study.JCPP advances · 2022Article
- Atypical action updating in a dynamic environment associated with adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2022Article
- Children are full of optimism, but those rose-tinted glasses are fading-Reduced learning from negative outcomes drives hyperoptimism in children.Journal of experimental psychology. General · 2022Article
- Article
- The rational use of causal inference to guide reinforcement learning strengthens with age.NPJ science of learning · 2020Article
- Seeking versus receiving help: How children integrate suggestions in memory decisions.Child developmentArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Adolescents aspire for independence. Successful independence means knowing when to rely on one's own knowledge and when to listen to others. A critical prerequisite thus is a well-developed metacognitive ability to accurately assess the quality of one's own knowledge. Little is known about whether the strive to become an independent decision maker in adolescence is underpinned by the necessary metacognitive skills. Here, we demonstrate that metacognition matures from childhood to adolescence (N = 107) and that this process coincides with greater independent decision-making. We show that adolescents, in contrast to children, take on others' advice less often, but only when the advice is misleading. Finally, we demonstrate that adolescents' reduced reliance on others' advice is explained by their increased metacognitive skills, suggesting that a developing ability to introspect may support independent decision-making in adolescence.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.