ReviewDevelopmental cell2021
Enhancer grammar in development, evolution, and disease: dependencies and interplay.
Review in Developmental cell, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 94 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed.
- A transcription factor by any other name - function beyond DNA binding and transactivation.EMBO reports · 2026Review
- UnlockingNAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Alignment-free integration of single-nucleus ATAC-seq across species with sPYce.Nature ecology & evolution · 2026Article
- Cis- and trans-regulatory factors contributing to divergent activity of the TDH3 promoter in Saccharomyces yeast.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Cumulative transcription factor binding and p300-mediated histone acetylation drive enhancer activation frequency.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Unlocking the Regulatory Genome: Interpreting the Clinical Impact of Noncoding Variants in Genetic Cardiomyopathies.Circulation. Genomic and precision medicine · 2026Review
- Identifying severe COVID-19 risk variants modulating enhancer reporter activity in lung cells.PLoS genetics · 2026Article
- Challenges in predicting chromatin accessibility differences between species.NAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Inter-individual gene expression variability implies stable regulation of brain-biased genes across organs in three ray-finned fishes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Large-scale data-driven pre-trained DNA models enhance performance across diverse genomics tasks.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Retracing and rewriting the evolutionary trajectories of mammalian developmental enhancers.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Multi-scale dissection, compaction and derivatization of mammalian developmental enhancers.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A single-nucleotide enhancer mutation overrides chromosomal sex to drive XX male development.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Functional genomics analysis of developing zebrafish and human endoderm reveals highly conservedGenome research · 2026Article
- High-resolution map of chromatin accessibility - insights into the focused binding of a large number of transcription factors.Epigenetics & chromatin · 2026Article
- Review
- Quantitative modulation of a spatial enhancer through the biophysical properties of a transcription factor binding site.Science advances · 2026Article
- DANSE: a pipeline for dynamic modelling of time-series multi-omics data.BMC bioinformatics · 2025Article
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Each language has standard books describing that language's grammatical rules. Biologists have searched for similar, albeit more complex, principles relating enhancer sequence to gene expression. Here, we review the literature on enhancer grammar. We introduce dependency grammar, a model where enhancers encode information based on dependencies between enhancer features shaped by mechanistic, evolutionary, and biological constraints. Classifying enhancers based on the types of dependencies may identify unifying principles relating enhancer sequence to gene expression. Such rules would allow us to read the instructions for development within genomes and pinpoint causal enhancer variants underlying disease and evolutionary changes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.