ReviewImmunological reviews2021
BCG-induced protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: Evidence, mechanisms, and implications for next-generation vaccines.
Review in Immunological reviews, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of BCG revaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Pooled it
- Multidimensional determinants of BCG-induced false-positivity in tuberculin skin testing: a global meta-analysis of 242 studies.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Pooled it
- Reframing evidence on the BCG vaccine: What emerging systematic reviews and meta-analyses reveal about efficacy, safety, and heterogeneity.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Styrene Maleic Acid Lipid Particles Prepared from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Plasma Membrane can Potentially Induce Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Healthy Individuals of a Tuberculosis Hyperendemic Region.Current microbiology · 2026Article
- Metabolic-epigenetic rewiring of CCR5Science advances · 2026Article
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccination and the Immune-Brain Axis: Implications for Neuroprotection and Neurodegenerative Disease.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Immunological mechanistic action of intravenous BCG-mediated protection against tuberculosis.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026Review
- Tissue context as a determinant of trained innate immunity: a conserved molecular toolkit with divergent functional outputs.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2026Review
- BCG vaccination reduces the rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis dissemination between murine lungs.Research square · 2026Article
- BCG vaccination reduces the rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis dissemination between murine lungs.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The role of IgA and IgG in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: a cross-sectional study in Ethiopia.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Article
- Tuberculosis in children under 5 years of age in a low-burden setting: sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics and healthcare utilization over a 10-year period (2010-2021).European journal of pediatrics · 2026Observational
- The TRIM-cancer paradox: BCG as a programmable vaccine platform and a mechanistic probe for rational immunotherapy design.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- How can new TB vaccines be effectively introduced in Indonesia? Insights from diverse stakeholders.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Single cell transcriptomics reveals dendritic cell subsets in bovine afferent lymph and immune cell-resolved responses to BCG vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in controlling type 1 diabetes: A quasi-experimental randomized clinical trial.Caspian journal of internal medicine · 2026Article
- The regulatory role of the Notch signaling pathway in mitophagy and macrophage-mediated elimination of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Tuberculous Meningitis Across the Lifespan.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Deconvoluting the interplay of innate and adaptive immunity in BCG-induced nonspecific and TB-specific host resistance.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Insights into protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: time to officially confirm another phenotype?The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The tuberculosis (TB) vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was introduced 100 years ago, but as it provides insufficient protection against TB disease, especially in adults, new vaccines are being developed and evaluated. The discovery that BCG protects humans from becoming infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and not just from progressing to TB disease provides justification for considering Mtb infection as an endpoint in vaccine trials. Such trials would require fewer participants than those with disease as an endpoint. In this review, we first define Mtb infection and disease phenotypes that can be used for mechanistic studies and/or endpoints for vaccine trials. Secondly, we review the evidence for BCG-induced protection against Mtb infection from observational and BCG re-vaccination studies, and discuss limitations and variation of this protection. Thirdly, we review possible underlying mechanisms for BCG efficacy against Mtb infection, including alternative T cell responses, antibody-mediated protection, and innate immune mechanisms, with a specific focus on BCG-induced trained immunity, which involves epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells. Finally, we discuss the implications for further studies of BCG efficacy against Mtb infection, including for mechanistic research, and their relevance to the design and evaluation of new TB vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.