ReviewEndocrinology2021
Deiodinases and the Metabolic Code for Thyroid Hormone Action.
Review in Endocrinology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Bile Acid Signaling Axis: Deciphering the Roles of FXR and TGR5 in Hepatic Steatosis, Fibrosis, and Cancer.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2026Review
- Endocrine-Metabolic Crosstalk Between Diabetes Mellitus and Hypothyroidism: From Network Mechanisms to Translational Stratification.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Review
- Dyslipidemias associated with endocrine disorders: a position statement of the working group of the nutrition hormones and metabolism club of the italian society of endocrinology (SIE).Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Review
- Chrononutrition variables and thyroid function: evidence for a specific role of the time of the first meal.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Women Exposed to High Altitude.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Exercise-Induced Hepatic Mitochondrial Reprogramming Across Muscle-Gut-Thyroid Axes in MASLD/MASH.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Article
- Quality of life in hypothyroid subjects treated with levothyroxine: a cross-sectional study.Thyroid research · 2026Article
- Deciphering the obesity paradox in phenotypic age acceleration through thyroid hormone sensitivity: results from NHANES 2007-2010.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2026Article
- Beyond Hormone Levels: Thyroid Hormone Signaling from Neurogenesis to Alzheimer's Disease.Cells · 2026Review
- Body composition indices align with thyroid variation in euthyroid Saudi adults: A cross-sectional study.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Potential of Zinc-L-Selenomethionine to Improve the Health of Weaned Piglets and Its Antioxidant Stress Mechanism Through Modulation of PI3K/AKT and Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathways.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Thyroid hormones and metabolic flexibility: tissue-specific control of energy homeostasis.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- Beyond hormone deficiency: a framework for endocrine-immune-niche integration in aging skeletal muscle regeneration.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Burning fast & slow: a review of the differential metabolic routes of brown adipose tissue activity during cold exposure and their implications for populational variation.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Review
- Iodoquinoline-Biofortified Lettuce as a Safe and Bioavailable Dietary Iodine Source: In Vivo Study in Rats.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Rethinking strategies for solving thyroid dysfunction at the heart of cardiovascular disease.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Review
- Critical Role of Iodine and Thyroid Hormones During Pregnancy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Thyroid peroxidase gene variants and autoimmunity in subclinical hypothyroidism: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
- Adaptive thermogenesis driving catch-up fat during weight regain: a role for skeletal muscle hypothyroidism and a risk for sarcopenic obesity.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Deiodinases modify the biological activity of thyroid hormone (TH) molecules, ie, they may activate thyroxine (T4) to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), or they may inactivate T3 to 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2) or T4 to reverse triiodothyronine (rT3). Although evidence of deiodination of T4 to T3 has been available since the 1950s, objective evidence of TH metabolism was not established until the 1970s. The modern paradigm considers that the deiodinases not only play a role in the homeostasis of circulating T3, but they also provide dynamic control of TH signaling: cells that express the activating type 2 deiodinase (D2) have enhanced TH signaling due to intracellular build-up of T3; the opposite is seen in cells that express type 3 deiodinase (D3), the inactivating deiodinase. D2 and D3 are expressed in metabolically relevant tissues such as brown adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver, and their roles have been investigated using cell, animal, and human models. During development, D2 and D3 expression customize for each tissue/organ the timing and intensity of TH signaling. In adult cells, D2 is induced by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and its expression is invariably associated with enhanced T3 signaling, expression of PGC1 and accelerated energy expenditure. In contrast, D3 expression is induced by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1a), dampening T3 signaling and the metabolic rate. The coordinated expression of these enzymes adjusts TH signaling in a time- and tissue-specific fashion, affecting metabolic pathways in health and disease states.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.