SynthesisBMJ open2021
Socioeconomic inequalities and adverse pregnancy outcomes in the UK and Republic of Ireland: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 137 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antipsychotic drug use during pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of women's mental health · 2026Pooled it
- Risks to the Unborn: An Umbrella Review on the Effects of Prenatal Maternal Stress Caused by Natural Disasters.Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress · 2025Pooled it
- The association of COVID-19 lockdowns with adverse birth and pregnancy outcomes in 28 high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nature human behaviour · 2025Pooled it
- Mediators of socioeconomic inequalities in preterm birth: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Improving Diversity in Recruitment: Lessons Learned During the REACH Pregnancy Circles Pilot Trial.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2025Trial
- Socioeconomic inequalities in maternal infections during pregnancy: administrative health data evidence from a large UK urban area with high levels of inequality.BMC public health · 2026Article
- DNA methylation in the placenta and household socioeconomic status: the SPAH study.Clinical epigenetics · 2026Article
- Maternal socioeconomic status and neonatal mortality in OECD countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.BMJ open · 2026Article
- The role of poverty-related social determinants in maternal and perinatal health inequities: a cross-sectional study using the eLIXIR born in South London, UK maternity-child data linkage.International journal for equity in health · 2026Article
- Factors predicting adverse perinatal outcomes in women presenting with decreased fetal movements.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026Article
- Slipping through the net: a qualitative study exploring women's experiences of maternity in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Lessons to be learned: a retrospective study of MBRRACE-UK perinatal mortality surveillance (2015-2024) to identify maternity services most consistently reporting higher- and lower-than-average deaths.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Paediatric infection hospital admissions in England before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic.Epidemiology and infection · 2026Article
- A mixed-methods investigation of race, income, food insecurity and maternal and infant health.Public health nutrition · 2026Observational
- Food, Built and Socio-Economic Environments and Maternal-Infant Outcomes: A Geospatial and Structural Equation Modelling of 163 000 Births.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2026Article
- Socio-Economic Inequalities in Stillbirth and Preterm Birth Rates Across Europe: A Population-Based Study.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2025Article
- Reproductive health characteristics among women living in severe poverty in urban Haiti.Reproductive health · 2025Observational
- Assessing the role of Australia's Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme as a tool for addressing inequality in access to medications and allocation of public funds for pregnant women.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- The Effectiveness of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Gamified Intervention for Improving Maternal Health Outcomes Among Refugees and Underserved Women in Lebanon: Community Interventional Trial.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2025Article
- The association between residential segregation and stillbirths in Brazil-a cross-sectional study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThere has been an unprecedented rise in infant mortality associated with deprivation in recent years in the United Kingdom (UK) and Republic of Ireland. A healthy pregnancy can have significant impacts on the life chances of children. The objective of this review was to understand the association between individual-level and household-level measures of socioeconomic status and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
designSystematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Nine databases were searched (Medline, Embase, Scopus, ASSIA, CINAHL, PsycINFO, BNI, MIDRIS and Google Scholar) for articles published between 1999 and August 2019. Grey literature searches were also assessed. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies reporting associations between individual-level or household socioeconomic factors on pregnancy outcomes in the UK or Ireland.
resultsAmong the 82 353 search results, 53 821 titles were identified and 35 unique studies met the eligibility criteria. Outcomes reported were neonatal, perinatal and maternal mortality, preterm birth, birth weight and mode of delivery. Pooled effect sizes were calculated using random-effects meta-analysis. There were significantly increased odds of women from lower levels of occupation/social classes compared with the highest level having stillbirth (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.59, I
conclusionsThis review identified consistent evidence that lower occupational status, especially manual occupations and unemployment, were significantly associated with increased risk of multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes. Strategies to improve pregnancy outcomes should incorporate approaches that address wider determinants of health to provide women and families with the best chances of having a healthy pregnancy and baby and to decrease pregnancy-related health inequalities in the general population. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42019140893.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.