ArticleMolecular neurobiology2021
Carotenoid Extract Derived from Euglena gracilis Overcomes Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation in Microglia: Role of NF-κB and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways.
Article in Molecular neurobiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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17 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Microalgae as a prospective antibiotic replacement therapy for induced endometritis in rats through regulating inflammatory cytokines.Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research · 2026Article
- Aqueous extract of Spirulina exerts neuroprotection in an experimental model of Alzheimer sporadic disease in mice induced by Streptozotocin.Metabolic brain disease · 2024Article
- Unveiling Immunomodulatory Effects ofJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Changes in Gravitaxis and Gene-Expression in anBiomolecules · 2024Article
- The Clinical Promise of Microalgae in Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Natural Compounds to Recombinant Therapeutics.Marine drugs · 2023Review
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- Natural Products as Modulators of Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Neuroprotection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
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- Polydatin Prevents Neuroinflammation and Relieves Depression via Regulating Sirt1/HMGB1/NF-κB Signaling in Mice.Neurotoxicity research · 2022Article
- Review
- Carotenoids from Marine Sources as a New Approach in Neuroplasticity Enhancement.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- The Effect of C-Phycocyanin on Microglia Activation Is Mediated by Toll-like Receptor 4.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Anti-Inflammatory Activities ofMicroorganisms · 2021Article
- Pre- and Early Post-treatment WithFrontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Activation of microglia results in the increased production and release of a series of inflammatory and neurotoxic mediators, which play essential roles in structural and functional neuronal damage and in the development and progression of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. The microalga Euglena gracilis (Euglena), rich in vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients, has gained increasing attention due to its antimicrobial, anti-viral, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. In particular, anti-inflammatory properties of Euglena could exert neuroprotective functions in different neurodegenerative diseases related to inflammation. However, the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of Euglena are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated whether Euglena could attenuate microglia activation and we also studied the mechanism of its anti-inflammatory activity. Our results showed that non-cytotoxic concentrations of a Euglena acetone extract (EAE) downregulated the mRNA expression levels and release of pro-inflammatory mediators, including NO, IL-1β, and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated microglia. EAE also significantly blocked the LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit and increased the mRNA expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Furthermore, the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and NF-κB activation were also blocked by EAE in the presence of ML385, a specific Nrf2 inhibitor. Together, these results show that EAE overcomes LPS-induced microglia pro-inflammatory responses through downregulation of NF-κB and activation of Nrf2 signaling pathways, although the two pathways seem to get involved in an independent manner.
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