Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33757335›Full record

ReviewCell transplantation

Cryopreservation: An Overview of Principles and Cell-Specific Considerations.

David Whaley, Kimia Damyar, Rafal P Witek, Alan Mendoza, Michael Alexander, Jonathan Rt Lakey

Open access · goldAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Cell transplantation. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 147 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
147citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
39.2field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

147 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 338 citations in OpenAlex.

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  14. Lessons From Drug Discovery for Cryoprotective Agent Design: An AI-Oriented Perspective.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
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87 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

David WhaleyDepartment of Surgery, 8788University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA.
Kimia DamyarDepartment of Surgery, 8788University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA.
Rafal P WitekAmbys Medicines, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
Alan MendozaAmbys Medicines, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
Michael AlexanderDepartment of Surgery, 8788University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA.
Jonathan Rt LakeyDepartment of Surgery, 8788University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8553-4287
University of California, Irvine · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The origins of low-temperature tissue storage research date back to the late 1800s. Over half a century later, osmotic stress was revealed to be a main contributor to cell death during cryopreservation. Consequently, the addition of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol (GLY), ethylene glycol (EG), or propylene glycol (PG), although toxic to cells at high concentrations, was identified as a necessary step to protect against rampant cell death during cryopreservation. In addition to osmotic stress, cooling and thawing rates were also shown to have significant influence on cell survival during low temperature storage. In general, successful low-temperature cell preservation consists of the addition of a CPA (commonly 10% DMSO), alone or in combination with additional permeating or non-permeating agents, cooling rates of approximately 1ºC/min, and storage in either liquid or vapor phase nitrogen. In addition to general considerations, cell-specific recommendations for hepatocytes, pancreatic islets, sperm, oocytes, and stem cells should be observed to maximize yields. For example, rapid cooling is associated with better cryopreservation outcomes for oocytes, pancreatic islets, and embryonic stem cells while slow cooling is recommended for cryopreservation of hepatocytes, hematopoietic stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. Yields can be further maximized by implementing additional pre-cryo steps such as: pre-incubation with glucose and anti-oxidants, alginate encapsulation, and selecting cells within an optimal age range and functional ability. Finally, viability and functional assays are critical steps in determining the quality of the cells post-thaw and improving the efficiency of the current cryopreservation methods.

Indexed as

Cell SurvivalCryopreservationCryoprotective AgentsHumansCryoprotective Agentscryopreservationcryoprotectantsfreezinglow temperature banking

Identifiers

PMID33757335
PMCPMC7995302
OpenAlexW3138628984

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.