Evidence mapPaperPMID 33770265Full record

ReviewBasic research in cardiology2021

Cytokines as therapeutic targets for cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases.

Luca Liberale, Stefano Ministrini, Federico Carbone, Giovanni G Camici, Fabrizio Montecucco

Open access · hybridAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Basic research in cardiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
55citing papers in PubMed
5.7field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

55 citing papers in PubMed, 90 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Trial
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Tracing Inflammation in Ischemic Stroke: Biomarkers and Clinical Insight.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025
    Review
  8. Review
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025
    Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Effect ofPreventive nutrition and food science · 2024
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Luca LiberaleCenter for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland. luca.liberale@uzh.ch.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1472-7975
Stefano MinistriniFirst Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
Federico CarboneFirst Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
Giovanni G CamiciCenter for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
Fabrizio MontecuccoIRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa, Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy.
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino · ITUniversity of Zurich · CHUniversity of Perugia · IT

Funding

Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung 310030_197510
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Despite major advances in prevention and treatment, cardiac and cerebral atherothrombotic complications still account for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this context, inflammation is involved in the chronic process leading atherosclerotic plaque formation and its complications, as well as in the maladaptive response to acute ischemic events. For this reason, modulation of inflammation is nowadays seen as a promising therapeutic strategy to counteract the burden of cardio- and cerebrovascular disease. Being produced and recognized by both inflammatory and vascular cells, the complex network of cytokines holds key functions in the crosstalk of these two systems and orchestrates the progression of atherothrombosis. By binding to membrane receptors, these soluble mediators trigger specific intracellular signaling pathways eventually leading to the activation of transcription factors and a deep modulation of cell function. Both stimulatory and inhibitory cytokines have been described and progressively reported as markers of disease or interesting therapeutic targets in the cardiovascular field. Nevertheless, cytokine inhibition is burdened by harmful side effects that will most likely prevent its chronic use in favor of acute administrations in well-selected subjects at high risk. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the modulatory role of cytokines on atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Then, we discuss evidence from clinical trials specifically targeting cytokines and the potential implication of these advances into daily clinical practice.

Indexed as

AnimalsAnti-Inflammatory AgentsCardiovascular DiseasesCardiovascular SystemCerebrovascular DisordersCytokinesHumansInflammationInflammation MediatorsMolecular Targeted TherapySignal TransductionAnti-Inflammatory AgentsCytokinesInflammation MediatorsCardiovascular diseaseCerebrovascular diseaseCytokinesIL-1IL-6Interleukins

Identifiers

PMID33770265
PMCPMC7997823
OpenAlexW3136424241

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.