ReviewNutrients2021
Ghrelin and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1: A Gut-Brain Axis Battle for Food Reward.
Review in Nutrients, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Differences in gastrointestinal hormones and appetite ratings between individuals with and without obesity-A systematic review and meta-analysis.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2023Pooled it
- A randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of liraglutide on self-reported liking and neural responses to food stimuli in participants with obesity.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2023Trial
- Blunted anticipation, but not consummation, of food rewards in depression.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- The Neural Network of Orexin-A: Implications in Feeding Regulation and Obesity-Anxiety Comorbidity.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Nutritional Approaches to Managing Brain Fog: Insights Into Neuroinflammation, the Gut-brain Axis, and Sleep.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Atlas of GLP-1 expression in the mouse brain: Neuroanatomical basis for metabolic and psychiatric effects.Brain medicine : from neurons to behavior and better health · 2026Article
- A gut feeling: Exploring the effects of probiotics on risk-taking behavior using TMS.iScience · 2026Article
- Human risk taking and metabolic state: No credible evidence for desacyl-ghrelin modulation of neural or behavioural effects.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- High salt intake and its dual impact on obesity and cardiovascular mortality in individuals over 50: a paradoxical relationship.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The intersection between ghrelin, metabolism and circadian rhythms.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2024Review
- Gut liver brain axis in diseases: the implications for therapeutic interventions.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Review
- Semaglutide reduces alcohol intake and relapse-like drinking in male and female rats.EBioMedicine · 2023Article
- Obese-associated gut microbes and derived phenolic metabolite as mediators of excessive motivation for food reward.Microbiome · 2023Article
- Hormonal Gut-Brain Signaling for the Treatment of Obesity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Gastrointestinal hormones and appetite ratings after weight loss induced by diet or bariatric surgery.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2023Article
- Antismoking agents do not contribute synergistically to semaglutide's ability to reduce alcohol intake in rats.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- The glucagon-like peptide-1 system is modulated by acute and chronic alcohol exposure: Findings from human laboratory experiments and a post-mortem brain study.Addiction biology · 2022Article
- The metabolic conditioning of obesity: A review of the pathogenesis of obesity and the epigenetic pathways that "program" obesity from conception.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Gut microbes and food reward: From the gut to the brain.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Review
- Appetite and Satiety Control-Contribution of Gut Mechanisms.Nutrients · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Eating behaviors are influenced by the reinforcing properties of foods that can favor decisions driven by reward incentives over metabolic needs. These food reward-motivated behaviors are modulated by gut-derived peptides such as ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that are well-established to promote or reduce energy intake, respectively. In this review we highlight the antagonizing actions of ghrelin and GLP-1 on various behavioral constructs related to food reward/reinforcement, including reactivity to food cues, conditioned meal anticipation, effort-based food-motivated behaviors, and flavor-nutrient preference and aversion learning. We integrate physiological and behavioral neuroscience studies conducted in both rodents and human to illustrate translational findings of interest for the treatment of obesity or metabolic impairments. Collectively, the literature discussed herein highlights a model where ghrelin and GLP-1 regulate food reward-motivated behaviors via both competing and independent neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.