ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
The Relationship between the Gut Microbiome and Metformin as a Key for Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 143 citations in OpenAlex.
- Harnessing probiotic-metformin synergy: targeting the gut-microbiota metabolism axis to ameliorate polycystic ovary syndrome.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Research status and development trends of probiotics in clinical applications.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Interactions between Gut Microbiota and Oral Antihyperglycemic Drugs: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Changes in the Gut Microbiota after the Use of Herbal Medicines in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- The Effects of Cardioprotective Antidiabetic Therapy on Microbiota in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Specific alterations of gut microbiota in diabetic microvascular complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Exploring the Potential of Oral Butyrate Supplementation in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Subgroup Insights from an Interventional Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Trial
- The eternal struggle between titans: Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) versus metformin in type 2 diabetes (T2D) gut dysmotility.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Effects of the Synbiotic Formulation EDC-HHA01 on Glucose Regulation in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- A Combined Probiotic-International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Exploring the gut microbiome in type 2 diabetes across different insulin resistance levels: a machine learning approach.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Digital modeling of metformin and diet interactions on gut-microbiota metabolism in prediabetic patients.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Pathogenesis and intervention strategies for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease from the perspective of the gut-microbiota-liver axis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Metformin and its derivatives in breast cancer: from glycaemic control to tumor-intrinsic pathways.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Review
- Targeted Therapy for Gut Microbiota: Candidates for a Novel Strategy to Ameliorate Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Microbial biotechnology · 2025Review
- Gut microbiota and endometrial cancer: research progress on the pathogenesis and application.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- Persian Medicinal Plants as Antidiabetic Agents: Mechanisms and Evidence from Bench to Bedside .Iranian biomedical journal · 2025Review
- Physiological Mechanisms of and Therapeutic Approaches to the Gut Microbiome and Low-Grade Inflammation in Obesity.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Metformin Beyond Diabetes: A Precision Gerotherapeutic and Immunometabolic Adjuvant for Aging and Cancer.Cancers · 2025Review
- N-Lactoyl Amino Acids: Emerging Biomarkers in Metabolism and Disease.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2025Review
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line pharmacotherapy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, its mechanism of modulating glucose metabolism is elusive. Recent advances have identified the gut as a potential target of metformin. As patients with metabolic disorders exhibit dysbiosis, the gut microbiome has garnered interest as a potential target for metabolic disease. Henceforth, studies have focused on unraveling the relationship of metabolic disorders with the human gut microbiome. According to various metagenome studies, gut dysbiosis is evident in T2DM patients. Besides this, alterations in the gut microbiome were also observed in the metformin-treated T2DM patients compared to the non-treated T2DM patients. Thus, several studies on rodents have suggested potential mechanisms interacting with the gut microbiome, including regulation of glucose metabolism, an increase in short-chain fatty acids, strengthening intestinal permeability against lipopolysaccharides, modulating the immune response, and interaction with bile acids. Furthermore, human studies have demonstrated evidence substantiating the hypotheses based on rodent studies. This review discusses the current knowledge of how metformin modulates T2DM with respect to the gut microbiome and discusses the prospect of harnessing this mechanism in treating T2DM.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.