Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33814465›Full record

SynthesisJournal of Parkinson's disease2021

Non-Genetic Risk Factors for Parkinson's Disease: An Overview of 46 Systematic Reviews.

Yancong Chen, Xuemei Sun, Yali Lin, Zixuan Zhang, Yinyan Gao, Irene X Y Wu

Open access · hybridAbstract readMeta-AnalysisReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Journal of Parkinson's disease, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
31citing papers in PubMed
4.2field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

31 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. Demographic and Clinical Profiles of Parkinson's Disease in India: Observations from a Nation-Wide Multicenter Study.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2025
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Update: Protective and risk factors for Parkinson disease.Parkinsonism & related disorders · 2024
    Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Yancong ChenXiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
Xuemei SunXiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
Yali LinXiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
Zixuan ZhangXiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
Yinyan GaoXiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
Irene X Y WuXiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
Central South University · CN

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundNumerous systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses on non-genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD) development have been published with inconsistent conclusions.

objectiveThis overview of SRs aimed to summarize evidence on non-genetic factors for the development of PD from the published SRs, and explore the reasons behind the conflicting results.

methodsThree international databases were searched for SRs with meta-analyses summarized evidence on non-genetic factors for PD development. The Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 tool was used to appraise the methodological quality of included SRs. Pooled effect estimations were extracted from each meta-analysis.

resultsForty-six SRs covered six categories, and more than 80 factors were included in this overview. Thirty-nine SRs (84.7%) were judged to be of critically low methodological quality. Evidence from prospective studies showed that physical activity, smoking, coffee, caffeine, tea, fat intake, ibuprofen use, calcium channel blocker use, statin use, thiazolidinediones, and high serum urate levels significantly reduced the risk of PD, while dairy intake, diabetes, hormone replacement therapy, depression, mood disorder, bipolar disorder, and aspirin use significantly increased the risk of PD. Differences in study designs (e.g., cohort studies, case-control studies) accounted for the conflicting results among included SRs.

conclusionModifiable lifestyle factors such as physical activity and tea and coffee drinking may reduce the risk of PD, which may offer PD prevention strategies and hypotheses for future research. However, the designs of primary studies on PD risk factors and related SRs need to be improved and harmonized.

Indexed as

Parkinson DiseaseCoffeeHumansProspective StudiesRisk FactorsSystematic Reviews as TopicTeaCoffeeTeameta-analysisParkinson’s diseaseRisk factorssystematic review

Identifiers

PMID33814465
PMCPMC8461677
OpenAlexW3144628360

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.