ReviewFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2021
The Weight of Obesity in Immunity from Influenza to COVID-19.
Review in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Serum lipidome remodeling in viral pneumonia: from pathophysiology to therapeutics.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Acute Phase Extrapulmonary Effects of a High-Dose Influenza A Virus Infection in a Mouse Model of Obesity.Zoonotic diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Functionality and phenotype of T cells in patients with varying severity of acute dengue and metabolic status.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Oxidative Stress Induced Liver Damage in Dengue Is Exacerbated in Those With Obesity.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- The TIGITScientific reports · 2023Article
- Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Diabetogenic Effects of COVID-19 Infection-Induction of Autoimmune Dysregulation and Metabolic Disturbances.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Obesity Is Associated with Attenuated Tissue Immunity in COVID-19.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2023Article
- Body Mass Index as a Major Prognostic Contributing Factor in COVID-19: A Multicentral Egyptian Study.Infection and drug resistance · 2023Article
- Dieting reverses histone methylation and hypothalamic AgRP regulation in obese rats.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Vaccines in People with Excessive Body Mass-A Narrative Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Reduction in Serum Magnesium Levels and Renal Function Are Associated with Increased Mortality in Obese COVID-19 Patients.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Association of Gastric Myoelectric Activity with Dietary Intakes, Substrate Utilization, and Energy Expenditure in Adults with Obesity.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Low quality antibody responses in critically ill patients hospitalized with pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Obesity Dysregulates the Immune Response to Influenza Infection and Vaccination Through Metabolic and Inflammatory Mechanisms.Annual review of nutrition · 2022Review
- Low-grade inflammation, CoVID-19, and obesity: clinical aspect and molecular insights in childhood and adulthood.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2022Review
- Reviving the mutual impact of SARS-COV-2 and obesity on patients: From morbidity to mortality.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2022Review
- Autologous Human Immunocompetent White Adipose Tissue-on-Chip.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2022Article
- Targeting T cell (oxidative) metabolism to improve immunity to viral infection in the context of obesity.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- CD8Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged in December 2019 and rapidly outspread worldwide endangering human health. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) manifests itself through a wide spectrum of symptoms that can evolve to severe presentations as pneumonia and several non-respiratory complications. Increased susceptibility to COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality have been linked to associated comorbidities as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and, recently, to obesity. Similarly, individuals living with obesity are at greater risk to develop clinical complications and to have poor prognosis in severe influenza pneumonia. Immune and metabolic dysfunctions associated with the increased susceptibility to influenza infection are linked to obesity-associated low-grade inflammation, compromised immune and endocrine systems, and to high cardiovascular risk. These preexisting conditions may favor virological persistence, amplify immunopathological responses and worsen hemodynamic instability in severe COVID-19 as well. In this review we highlight the main factors and the current state of the art on obesity as risk factor for influenza and COVID-19 hospitalization, severe respiratory manifestations, extrapulmonary complications and even death. Finally, immunoregulatory mechanisms of severe influenza pneumonia in individuals with obesity are addressed as likely factors involved in COVID-19 pathophysiology.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.