SynthesisCancer research2021
Association of the Age at Menarche with Site-Specific Cancer Risks in Pooled Data from Nine Cohorts.
Synthesis in Cancer research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of endometrial cancer risk with hypertension- an updated meta-analysis of observational studies.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- The J shaped association of age at menarche and cardiovascular events: systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Medically Assisted Reproduction and Hormone-Related Cancers.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Age at menarche association with metabolic, reproductive, and sociodemographic factors: a population-based cross-sectional analysis using an outcome-wide framework in Geneva, Switzerland.European journal of public health · 2026Article
- Natural menopause, menarche and breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers: a Mendelian randomization analysis.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Article
- Quantitative analysis of trends and inequalities in disease burden and care quality of gynecological cancers, 1990-2021.European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP) · 2026Article
- Age-Specific Trends in Carcinoma Incidence Among Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States, 1975-2021.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- Secular trends in age at menarche among Han Chinese females in Shanghai: a large-scale community-based study.BMC women's health · 2025Article
- Role of KNDy neurons in puberty onset in male offspring following prenatal androgen exposure.Endocrine connections · 2025Article
- Current Unveiling Key Research Trends in Endometrial Cancer: A Comprehensive Topic Modeling Analysis.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Age at menarche is inversely related to the prevalence of uterine cancer.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Association between long-term exercise with different osteogenic index, dietary patterns, body composition, biological factors, and bone mineral density in female elite masters athletes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Understanding risk factors for endometrial cancer in young women.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2025Article
- Research advances and future directions in female ADHD: the lifelong interplay of hormonal fluctuations with mood, cognition, and disease.Frontiers in global women's health · 2025Review
- Potential Risk and Protective Factors in High- and Low-incidence Breast Cancer Populations in Northeast India: A Cross-sectional Study.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2025Article
- Age at menarche by birth cohort: A pooled analysis of half a million women in Asia.Public health · 2024Article
- Navigating adolescence: pubertal development in autism spectrum conditions and its relation to mental health.Archives of women's mental health · 2024Article
- Recognizing Female Reproductive Factors in Interpreting Changes in Disease Burden Among Populations.Journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Association of early menarche with breast tumor molecular features and recurrence.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
28 authors at 12 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The average age at menarche declined in European and U.S. populations during the 19th and 20th centuries. The timing of pubertal events may have broad implications for chronic disease risks in aging women. Here we tested for associations of recalled menarcheal age with risks of 19 cancers in 536,450 women [median age, 60 years (range, 31-39 years)] in nine prospective U.S. and European cohorts that enrolled participants from 1981 to 1998. Cox regression estimated multivariable-adjusted HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations of the age at menarche with risk of each cancer in each cohort and random-effects meta-analysis was used to generate summary estimates for each cancer. Over a median 10 years of follow-up, 60,968 women were diagnosed with a first primary incident cancer. Inverse linear associations were observed for seven of 19 cancers studied. Each additional year in the age at menarche was associated with reduced risks of endometrial cancer (HR = 0.91; 95% CI, 0.89-0.94), liver cancer (HR = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.85-0.99), melanoma (HR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.93-0.98), bladder cancer (HR = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-0.99), and cancers of the colon (HR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.96-0.99), lung (HR = 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-0.99), and breast (HR = 0.98; 95% CI, 0.93-0.99). All but one of these associations remained statistically significant following adjustment for baseline body mass index. Similarities in the observed associations between menarche and seven cancers suggest shared underlying causes rooted early in life. We propose as a testable hypothesis that early exposure to sex hormones increases mid-life cancer risks by altering functional capacities of stem cells with roles in systemic energy balance and tissue homeostasis. SIGNIFICANCE: Age at menarche is associated with risk for seven cancers in middle-aged women, and understanding the shared underlying causal pathways across these cancers may suggest new avenues for cancer prevention.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.