ReviewThe Journal of experimental medicine2021
The pleiotropic roles of leptin in metabolism, immunity, and cancer.
Review in The Journal of experimental medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 132 citations in OpenAlex.
- Obesity as a Risk Factor for Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2026Pooled it
- Predictive value of adipokines for the severity of acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis.BMC gastroenterology · 2024Pooled it
- Effects of probiotics in patients with morbid obesity undergoing bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2023Pooled it
- Sexual dimorphism of leptin and adiposity in children between 0 and 10 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Biology of sex differences · 2022Pooled it
- Randomised controlled trial of intermittent calorie restriction in people with multiple sclerosis.Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Effect of metformin and lifestyle intervention on adipokines and hormones in breast cancer survivors: a pooled analysis from two randomized controlled trials.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2024Trial
- Leptin Signaling at the Crossroads of Obesity, Immunity, and Cancer: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Implications.Biomolecules & therapeutics · 2026Review
- Ferroptosis in breast cancer: From adipocyte-immune-iron regulation to therapeutic application.Clinical and translational medicine · 2026Review
- Leptin Acts as a Peripheral Tropic Signal to Tune Steroidogenesis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Potential role of leptin in colorectal cancer liver metastasis involving lipid metabolic reprogramming and immunosuppressive macrophage polarization.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Evaluating the causal role of LEPR signaling in 16 cancers: A drug-target Mendelian randomization study.Medicine · 2026Article
- Obesity and Cancer: From Systemic Metabolic Reprogramming to Immunotherapy Paradox.Metabolites · 2026Review
- The therapeutic potential of local injection of leptin for periodontitis in rats: an investigation based on the OPG/RANKL mechanism.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Marrow leptin-LEPR signaling rewires mitochondrial oxidative metabolism to confer chemoresistance in acute myeloid leukemia.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- Endometriosis and eating disorders: epidemiology, shared neurobiology, and clinical implications.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2026Review
- Adiposity-dependent adipokine-immunoglobulin interplay in mature breast milk.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Observational
- Restoring leptin sensitivity in metabolic and extra-metabolic leptin resistance: Pharmacologic strategies, systemic implications, and future directions.EXCLI journal · 2026Review
- Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Humans: A Scoping Review.Nutrition reviews · 2026Article
- Research Progress on Leptin in Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Fatty Liver Disease.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2025Review
- The source of dietary fat influences anti-tumour immunity in obese mice.Nature metabolism · 2025Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The discovery of the archetypal adipocytokine leptin and how it regulates energy homeostasis have represented breakthroughs in our understanding of the endocrine function of the adipose tissue and the biological determinants of human obesity. Investigations on leptin have also been instrumental in identifying physio-pathological connections between metabolic regulation and multiple immunological functions. For example, the description of the promoting activities of leptin on inflammation and cell proliferation have recognized the detrimental effects of leptin in connecting dysmetabolic conditions with cancer and with onset and/or progression of autoimmune disease. Here we review the multiple biological functions and complex framework of operations of leptin, discussing why and how the pleiotropic activities of this adipocytokine still pose major hurdles in the development of effective leptin-based therapeutic opportunities for different clinical conditions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.