Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33892767›Full record

ArticleGenome biology2021

G-quadruplexes are transcription factor binding hubs in human chromatin.

Jochen Spiegel, Sergio Martínez Cuesta, Santosh Adhikari, Robert Hänsel-Hertsch, David Tannahill, Shankar Balasubramanian

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Genome biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 185 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
185citing papers in PubMed
14.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

185 citing papers in PubMed, 263 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. G-Quadruplexes: Structural Diversity and Emerging Roles in Biomolecular Condensation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
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  15. CTCF directly binds G-quadruplex structures to regulate genome topology and gene expression.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
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125 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.

Jochen SpiegelCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
Sergio Martínez CuestaCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
Santosh AdhikariDepartment of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
Robert Hänsel-HertschCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
David TannahillCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
Shankar BalasubramanianCancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK. sb10031@cam.ac.uk.ORCID 0000-0002-0281-5815
University of Cambridge · GBCancer Research UK · GBUniversity of Cologne · DE

Funding

Cancer Research UK 19836Cancer Research UK 29214Cancer Research UK C9545/A19836Cancer Research UK C9681/A29214
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe binding of transcription factors (TF) to genomic targets is critical in the regulation of gene expression. Short, double-stranded DNA sequence motifs are routinely implicated in TF recruitment, but many questions remain on how binding site specificity is governed.

resultsHerein, we reveal a previously unappreciated role for DNA secondary structures as key features for TF recruitment. In a systematic, genome-wide study, we discover that endogenous G-quadruplex secondary structures (G4s) are prevalent TF binding sites in human chromatin. Certain TFs bind G4s with affinities comparable to double-stranded DNA targets. We demonstrate that, in a chromatin context, this binding interaction is competed out with a small molecule. Notably, endogenous G4s are prominent binding sites for a large number of TFs, particularly at promoters of highly expressed genes.

conclusionsOur results reveal a novel non-canonical mechanism for TF binding whereby G4s operate as common binding hubs for many different TFs to promote increased transcription.

Indexed as

Binding SitesG-QuadruplexesBinding, CompetitiveChromatinDNAGene Expression RegulationGenome, HumanGenomicsHumansLigandsPromoter Regions, GeneticProtein BindingRNATranscription FactorsTranscription, GeneticChromatinDNALigandsRNATranscription FactorsChemical biologyDNA G-quadruplexGene expressionTranscription factor binding

Identifiers

PMID33892767
PMCPMC8063395
OpenAlexW3156063826

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.