SynthesisThorax2021
Timing of
Synthesis in Thorax, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of BCG vaccination on the progression of latent tuberculosis infection to active disease in contacts: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of VPM1002 and Immuvac in preventing tuberculosis: phase 3 randomised clinical trial (PreVenTB trial).BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2026Trial
- Article
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccination and the Immune-Brain Axis: Implications for Neuroprotection and Neurodegenerative Disease.Vaccines · 2026Review
- BCG vaccination reduces the rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis dissemination between murine lungs.Research square · 2026Article
- BCG vaccination reduces the rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis dissemination between murine lungs.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Tuberculosis in children under 5 years of age in a low-burden setting: sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics and healthcare utilization over a 10-year period (2010-2021).European journal of pediatrics · 2026Observational
- Caffeine-mediated CD39Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Integrating tuberculosis control into maternal and newborn health services during pregnancy and postpartum is an urgent priority.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Paediatric cervicofacial lymphadenitis caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria: nation-wide overview in the period 2000-2020.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- The mark of success: The role of vaccine-induced skin scar formation for BCG and smallpox vaccine-associated clinical benefits.Seminars in immunopathology · 2024Review
- Host and pathogen genetic diversity shape vaccine-mediated protection toFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Assessing vaccine-mediated protection in an ultra-low dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis murine model.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- After 100 Years of BCG Immunization against Tuberculosis, What Is New and Still Outstanding for This Vaccine?Vaccines · 2021Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
rationaleThe heterogeneity in efficacy observed in studies of BCG vaccination is not fully explained by currently accepted hypotheses, such as latitudinal gradient in non-tuberculous mycobacteria exposure.
methodsWe updated previous systematic reviews of the effectiveness of BCG vaccination to 31 December 2020. We employed an identical search strategy and inclusion/exclusion criteria to these earlier reviews, but reclassified several studies, developed an alternative classification system and considered study demography, diagnostic approach and tuberculosis (TB)-related epidemiological context. MAIN
resultsOf 21 included trials, those recruiting neonates and children aged under 5 were consistent in demonstrating considerable protection against TB for several years. Trials in high-burden settings with shorter follow-up also showed considerable protection, as did most trials in settings of declining burden with longer follow-up. However, the few trials performed in high-burden settings with longer follow-up showed no protection, sometimes with higher case rates in the vaccinated than the controls in the later follow-up period.
conclusionsThe most plausible explanatory hypothesis for these results is that BCG protects against TB that results from exposure shortly after vaccination. However, we found no evidence of protection when exposure occurs later from vaccination, which would be of greater importance in trials in high-burden settings with longer follow-up. In settings of declining burden, most exposure occurs shortly following vaccination and the sustained protection observed for many years thereafter represents continued protection against this early exposure. By contrast, in settings of continued intense transmission, initial protection subsequently declines with repeated exposure to
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.