Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33907877›Full record

ArticleCancer causes & control : CCC2021

Parental occupation and childhood germ cell tumors: a case-control study in Denmark, 1968-2016.

Clinton Hall, Johnni Hansen, Jørn Olsen, Di He, Ondine S von Ehrenstein, Beate Ritz, Julia E Heck

Open access · hybridAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Cancer causes & control : CCC, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
0.6field-weighted citation impact, top 32% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 6 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Childhood cancer risk in offspring of mothers occupationally exposed to hydrocarbon solvents.European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP) · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Clinton HallDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Johnni HansenDanish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Jørn OlsenDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Di HeDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Ondine S von EhrensteinDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Beate RitzDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Julia E HeckDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. julia.heck@unt.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8713-8413
University of California, Los Angeles · USDanish Cancer Society · DKUniversity of North Texas · US

Funding

Southern California Education and Research Center T42OH008412 · OH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI JONES, RACHAEL MARY · 2005 to 2025
$28.1M
Maternal comorbidities, prescription drug use in pregnancy and childhood cancerR21CA175959 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI HECK, JULIA · 2014 to 2015
$323k
Parental Occupation and Childhood CancersR03ES021643 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI HECK, JULIA · 2012 to 2013
$152k
ACL HHS T42OH008412NCI NIH HHS R21 CA175959NIEHS NIH HHS R03 ES021643NIH HHS R03ES021643NIH HHS R21CA175959NIOSH CDC HHS T42 OH008412NIOSH CDC HHS T42OH008412
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeTo examine associations between parental occupation and childhood germ cell tumors (GCTs) in offspring while distinguishing by common histologic subtype (i.e., yolk sac tumor and teratoma).

methodsThis population-based case-control study included childhood GCT cases in Denmark diagnosed 1968-2015 (< 16 years old at diagnosis) and sex and birth year-matched controls. Demographic information and parental employment histories were obtained from Danish registries. Parental occupation was assessed by industry; job-exposure matrices were used to examine specific occupational exposures (i.e., potentially carcinogenic organic solvents and social contact). Conditional multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

resultsOverall, 178 childhood GCT cases (50 yolk sac tumors; 65 teratomas) and 4,355 controls were included for analysis. Maternal employment in education during pregnancy was associated with offspring GCTs (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.23-4.90), especially yolk sac tumors (OR 5.27, 95% CI 1.94-14.28). High levels of both maternal and paternal occupational social contact were also associated with offspring yolk sac tumors across all exposure periods (ORs 2.30-4.63). No signals were observed for paternal occupational solvent exposure, while imprecise associations were estimated for maternal exposure (e.g., dichloromethane exposure during pregnancy, OR 1.51, 95% CI 0.77-2.95).

conclusionOur findings suggest that parental occupation is associated with offspring GCTs, with most consistent evidence supporting an association between maternal employment in education or other high social contact jobs and offspring yolk sac tumors.

Indexed as

AdolescentCarcinogensCase-Control StudiesChildChild, PreschoolDenmarkFemaleHumansIndustryInfantInfant, NewbornMaleMaternal ExposureNeoplasms, Germ Cell and EmbryonalOccupational ExposureOccupationsCarcinogensSolventsChildhood cancerJob exposure matrixSocial contactTeratomaYolk sac tumor

Identifiers

PMID33907877
PMCPMC8236473
OpenAlexW3157824696

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.