ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2021
Small Nerve Fiber Damage and Langerhans Cells in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes and LADA Measured by Corneal Confocal Microscopy.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- CornealFrontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Innovative strategies for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: From clinical management to emerging bioengineering solutions.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Methods for the evaluation of corneal nerve fibres in diabetes mellitus by in vivo confocal microscopy: a scoping review.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Influence of Immune Cells on Corneal Nerve Morphological Analysis and Clinical Relevance in Diabetes-Related Dry Eye.Translational vision science & technology · 2025Article
- CD4+CD25- T-Cell-Secreted IFN-γ Promotes Corneal Nerve Degeneration in Diabetic Mice.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Small fiber neuropathy in the post-COVID condition and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical significance and diagnostic challenges.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Increased cardiovascular risk in people with LADA in comparison to type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes: Findings from the DPV registry in Germany and Austria.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Article
- Association of serum magnesium level with small fiber neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Long-term Nerve Regeneration in Diabetic Keratopathy Mediated by a Novel NGF Delivery System.Diabetes · 2025Article
- Assessing corneal dendritic cells in glucose dysregulation small-fibre neuropathy.Journal of the peripheral nervous system : JPNS · 2024Article
- Redefining our vision: an updated guide to the ocular immune system.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Combination Nanomedicine Strategy for Preventing High-Risk Corneal Transplantation Rejection.ACS nano · 2024Article
- Corneal subbasal nerve plexus reinnervation and stromal cell morphology with different cap thicknesses in small incision lenticule extraction.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2024Article
- Corneal subepithelial nerve fibers in type 2 diabetes: potential biomarker of diabetic neuropathy.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Structural Changes of Cutaneous Immune Cells in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Their Relationship With Diabetic Polyneuropathy.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2023Article
- In vivo corneal confocal microscopy as a non-invasive test to assess obesity induced small fibre nerve damage and inflammation.Eye (London, England) · 2023Observational
- Topical Decorin Reduces Corneal Inflammation and Imparts Neuroprotection in a Mouse Model of Benzalkonium Chloride-induced Corneal Neuropathy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Corneal dendritic cells in diabetes mellitus: A narrative review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease on Corneal Neuroimmune Features in Type 2 Diabetes.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Corneal Langerhans cells in children with celiac disease.Scientific reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: Increased corneal and epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) have been reported in patients with diabetic neuropathy. The aim of this study was to quantify the density of LCs in relation to corneal nerve morphology and the presence of diabetic neuropathy and to determine if this differed in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). Methods: Patients with T1DM (n = 25), T2DM (n = 36), or LADA (n = 23) and control subjects (n = 23) underwent detailed assessment of peripheral neuropathy and corneal confocal microscopy. Corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD), branch density (CNBD), length (CNFL) and total, immature and mature LC densities were quantified. Results: Lower CNFD (P < 0.001), CNBD (P < 0.0001), and CNFL (P < 0.0001) and higher LC density (P = 0.03) were detected in patients with T1DM, T2DM, and LADA compared to controls. CNBD was inversely correlated with mature (r = -0.5; P = 0.008), immature (r = -0.4; P = 0.02) and total (r = -0.5; P = 0.01) LC density, and CNFL was inversely correlated with immature LC density (r = -0.4; P = 0.03) in patients with T1DM but not in patients with T2DM and LADA. Conclusions: This study shows significant corneal nerve loss and an increase in LC density in patients with T1DM, T2DM, and LADA. Furthermore, increased LC density correlated with corneal nerve loss in patients with T1DM.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.