ReviewHuman brain mapping2022
Sex is a defining feature of neuroimaging phenotypes in major brain disorders.
Review in Human brain mapping, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex differences in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review of two decades of neuroimaging research.The British journal of radiology · 2026Pooled it
- Neuroimaging Insights into the Public Health Burden of Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review of Electroencephalography-Based Cognitive Biomarkers.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Pooled it
- Sex differences in brain homotopic co-activations: a meta-analytic study.Brain structure & function · 2022Pooled it
- The relevance of rich club regions for functional outcome post-stroke is enhanced in women.Human brain mapping · 2023Trial
- Alzheimer's Disease Selectively Perturbs Age-Sensitive Brain Radiomic Features Across the Disease Continuum.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Robust but independent sex differences in human brain function, structure, and behavior.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Brain charts for neuroanatomical sex differences across the human lifespan.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Involvement of the central amygdaloid nucleus in the regulation of sex differences in the stress relief response in mice.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Sex-dependent grey matter atrophy in Alzheimer's disease progression.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Atrophy trajectories in Alzheimer's disease: how sex matters.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2025Article
- Sex-Specific Imaging Biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis: A Machine Learning Analysis.Journal of imaging informatics in medicine · 2025Article
- Developmental trajectories of gyrification and sulcal morphometrics in children and adolescents at high familial risk for bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2025Article
- Sex differences in age-associated neurological diseases-A roadmap for reliable and high-yield research.Science advances · 2025Review
- Female mice exhibit resistance to disease progression despite early pathology in a transgenic mouse model inoculated with alpha-synuclein fibrils.Communications biology · 2025Article
- The left amygdala is genetically sexually-dimorphic: multi-omics analysis of structural MRI volumes.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2025Review
- Sex difference in language cognition in the elderly group: a near-infrared spectroscopy study.Neurophotonics · 2025Article
- Age Trajectories of the Structural Connectome in Child and Adolescent Offspring of Individuals With Bipolar Disorder or Schizophrenia.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2024Article
- Effects of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) and Biological Sex on Brain Size.Anatomia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Sex-related variability of white matter tracts in the whole HCP cohort.Brain structure & function · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sex is a biological variable that contributes to individual variability in brain structure and behavior. Neuroimaging studies of population-based samples have identified normative differences in brain structure between males and females, many of which are exacerbated in psychiatric and neurological conditions. Still, sex differences in MRI outcomes are understudied, particularly in clinical samples with known sex differences in disease risk, prevalence, and expression of clinical symptoms. Here we review the existing literature on sex differences in adult brain structure in normative samples and in 14 distinct psychiatric and neurological disorders. We discuss commonalities and sources of variance in study designs, analysis procedures, disease subtype effects, and the impact of these factors on MRI interpretation. Lastly, we identify key problems in the neuroimaging literature on sex differences and offer potential recommendations to address current barriers and optimize rigor and reproducibility. In particular, we emphasize the importance of large-scale neuroimaging initiatives such as the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analyses consortium, the UK Biobank, Human Connectome Project, and others to provide unprecedented power to evaluate sex-specific phenotypes in major brain diseases.
Indexed as
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.