ArticleCancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.)2021
Sunlight exposure in infancy decreases risk of sporadic retinoblastoma, extent of intraocular disease.
Article in Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vitamin D and Ocular Diseases: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors for Retinoblastoma.AJPM focus · 2026Review
- Review
- Association Between Vitamin Deficiencies and Ophthalmological Conditions.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Review
- Factors associated with infants' sunlight exposure among mothers attending the EPI unit of Wolkite University Specialized Hospital.PloS one · 2022Article
- Sunlight exposure in infancy decreases risk of sporadic retinoblastoma, extent of intraocular disease.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2021Article
- Association between Predictors of Vitamin D Serum Levels and Risk of Retinoblastoma in Children: A Case-Control Study.Nutrients · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrior ecologic studies suggest that UV exposure through sunlight to the retina might contribute to increased retinoblastoma incidence.
aimsOur study objectives were (1) to examine the relationship between exposure to sunlight during postnatal retinal development (prior to diagnosis of sporadic disease) and the risk of retinoblastoma, and (2) to examine the relationship between sun exposure during postnatal retinal development, and the extent of disease among children with unilateral and bilateral retinoblastoma. METHODS AND
resultsWe interviewed 511 mothers in the EpiRbMx case-control study about their child's exposure to sunlight during postnatal retinal cell division by examining three time periods prior to Rtb diagnosis coinciding with developmental stages in which outdoor activities vary. Weekly sun exposure was compared by age period, between unilateral (n = 259), bilateral (n = 120), and control (n = 132) children, accounting for two factors affecting UV exposure: residential elevation and reported use of coverings to shield eyes. For cases, association between sunlight exposure and clinical stage was examined by laterality at each age period. After adjusting for maternal education and elevation, sun exposure was lower in cases than controls in all three age periods especially during the first 6 months, and in children 12-23 months whose mothers did not cover their eyes when outdoors. In children diagnosed after 12 months of age, sun exposure during the second year of life (age 12-23 months) appeared inversely correlated (r = -0.25) with more advanced intraocular disease in bilateral Rtb children after adjusting for maternal education, residential elevation, and age of diagnosis (p < .09) consistent with effects of Vitamin D exposure on intraocular spread in earlier transgenic murine models of retinoblastoma, and suggesting potential chemopreventive strategies.
conclusionSun exposure in early childhood is protective for retinoblastoma and may decrease degree of intraocular spread in children with bilateral Rtb.
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Registered trials
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