ArticleJournal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD2021
The Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia in Down Syndrome Scale (BPSD-DS II): Optimization and Further Validation.
Article in Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 16 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Instruments in Spanish to Assess the Mental Health of Adults With Intellectual Disabilities. A Systematic Review.Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID · 2025Pooled it
- Early Markers for Dementia in the Intellectual Disability Population: A Systematic Literature Review.Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID · 2025Pooled it
- Symptoms and age of prodromal Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Pooled it
- The neglected puzzle of dementia in people with severe/profound intellectual disabilities: A systematic literature review of observable symptoms.Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID · 2022Pooled it
- The Down Alzheimer Barcelona Neuroimaging Initiative (DABNI) and its contributions to understanding Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome: A decade of discovery.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and Alzheimer's disease progression in Down syndrome.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2025Article
- Exploring peripheral fluid biomarkers for early detection of Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome: A literature review.Heliyon · 2025Review
- Down Syndrome-Basque Alzheimer Initiative (DS-BAI): Clinic-Biological Cohort.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Dementia in People with Severe/Profound Intellectual (And Multiple) Disabilities, and Its Natural History.Journal of mental health research in intellectual disabilities · 2024Article
- Maternal choline supplementation protects against age-associated cholinergic and GABAergic basal forebrain neuron degeneration in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease.Neurobiology of disease · 2023Article
- Assessing behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a comprehensive review of current options and future perspectives.Frontiers in dementia · 2023Review
- Exploring the role of sex differences in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis in Down syndrome.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Review
- Dementia in People with Severe/Profound Intellectual (and Multiple) Disabilities: Practice-Based Observations of Symptoms.Journal of mental health research in intellectual disabilities · 2022Article
- Dementia in people with severe or profound intellectual (and multiple) disabilities: Focus group research into relevance, symptoms and training needs.Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID · 2021Article
- The association of dementia risk symptoms and functional activity in adults with Down syndrome.Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.)Article
- Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease: A scoping review of functional performance and fall risk.Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.)Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
28 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPeople with Down syndrome (DS) are at high risk to develop Alzheimer's disease dementia (AD). Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are common and may also serve as early signals for dementia. However, comprehensive evaluation scales for BPSD, adapted to DS, are lacking. Therefore, we previously developed the BPSD-DS scale to identify behavioral changes between the last six months and pre-existing life-long characteristic behavior.
objectiveTo optimize and further study the scale (discriminative ability and reliability) in a large representative DS study population.
methodsOptimization was based on item irrelevance and clinical experiences obtained in the initial study. Using the shortened and refined BPSD-DS II, informant interviews were conducted to evaluate 524 individuals with DS grouped according to dementia status: no dementia (DS, N = 292), questionable dementia (DS + Q, N = 119), and clinically diagnosed dementia (DS + AD, N = 113).
resultsComparing item change scores between groups revealed prominent changes in frequency and severity for anxious, sleep-related, irritable, restless/stereotypic, apathetic, depressive, and eating/drinking behavior. For most items, the proportion of individuals displaying an increased frequency was highest in DS + AD, intermediate in DS + Q, and lowest in DS. For various items within sections about anxious, sleep-related, irritable, apathetic, and depressive behaviors, the proportion of individuals showing an increased frequency was already substantial in DS + Q, suggesting that these changes may serve as early signals of AD in DS. Reliability data were promising.
conclusionThe optimized scale yields largely similar results as obtained with the initial version. Systematically evaluating BPSD in DS may increase understanding of changes among caregivers and (timely) adaptation of care/treatment.
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