ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2021
Acute inflammatory profiles differ with sex and age after spinal cord injury.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07259382 (Neuro-Inflammation in Extremity Trauma), which is not on this map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neuro-Inflammation in Extremity Trauma: Risk Verification in Elbow Trauma: The NERVE Pilot Cohort Study
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sexually Dimorphic Neuroimmune Pathways in Chronic Pain: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms.Biomolecules · 2026Pooled it
- Sex-specific adaptive immune responses in spinal cord injury: Observations across species.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Sexual Dimorphism in Spinal Cord Injury: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Translation.Neuromolecular medicine · 2026Review
- Proteomic profile of Laser-dissected Motoneurons, Ependymal Cell Layer and Dorsal Root Ganglia after Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat.Scientific data · 2026Article
- Systemic delivery of drug-free polymeric nanoparticles reprograms innate immunity in a sex-dependent manner after spinal cord injury.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in patient mortality after traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Brain & spine · 2026Review
- Sex-dependent effects of peptidylarginine deiminases on neutrophil function and long-term outcomes after spinal cord injury.Experimental neurology · 2025Article
- The border-associated macrophage marker MRC1 contributes to an early neuroprotective inflammatory response to traumatic brain injury in mice.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Molecular pathology of acute spinal cord injury in middle-aged mice.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Early nanoparticle intervention preserves motor function following cervical spinal cord injury.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2025Article
- CYBB identified as a key immune hub gene linking lung cancer and atrial fibrillation.Journal of cardiothoracic surgery · 2025Article
- The Pathological Role and Therapeutic potential of ALDH2 in acrolein detoxification Following Spinal Cord Injury in Mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Redefining macrophage phenotypes after spinal cord injury: An open data approach.Experimental neurology · 2025Article
- Article
- Microglia Promote Lymphangiogenesis Around the Spinal Cord Through VEGF-C/VEGFR3-Dependent Autophagy and Polarization After Acute Spinal Cord Injury.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Cross-species comparisons between pigs and mice reveal conserved sex-specific intraspinal inflammatory responses after spinal cord injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Cytosolic phospholipase A2 in infiltrating monocyte derived macrophages does not impair recovery after spinal cord injury in female mice.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Nonresolving Neuroinflammation Regulates Axon Regeneration in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Neonatal-Inspired Reprogramming of Microglial Pan-Programmed Cell Death Enhances Regeneration in Adult Spinal Cord Injury.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSex and age are emerging as influential variables that affect spinal cord injury (SCI) recovery. Despite a changing demographic towards older age at the time of SCI, the effects of sex or age on inflammation remain to be elucidated. This study determined the sex- and age-dependency of the innate immune response acutely after SCI.
methodsMale and female mice of ages 4- and 14-month-old received T9 contusion SCI and the proportion of microglia, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), and neutrophils surrounding the lesion were determined at 3- and 7-day post-injury (DPI) using flow cytometry. Cell counts of microglia and MDMs were obtained using immunohistochemistry to verify flow cytometry results at 3-DPI. Microglia and MDMs were separately isolated using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) at 3-day post-injury (DPI) to assess RNA expression of 27 genes associated with activation, redox, and debris metabolism/clearance.
resultsFlow cytometry revealed that being female and older at the time of injury significantly increased MDMs relative to other phagocytes, specifically increasing the ratio of MDMs to microglia at 3-DPI. Cell counts using immunohistochemistry revealed that male mice have more total microglia within SCI lesions that can account for a lower MDM/microglia ratio. With NanoString analyses of 27 genes, only 1 was differentially expressed between sexes in MDMs; specifically, complement protein C1qa was increased in males. No genes were affected by age in MDMs. Only 2 genes were differentially regulated in microglia between sexes after controlling for false discovery rate, specifically CYBB (NOX2) as a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-associated marker as well as MRC1 (CD206), a gene associated with reparative phenotypes. Both genes were increased in female microglia. No microglial genes were differentially regulated between ages. Differences between microglia and MDMs were found in 26 of 27 genes analyzed, all expressed higher in MDMs with three exceptions. Specifically, C1qa, cPLA2, and CD86 were expressed higher in microglia.
conclusionsThese findings indicate that inflammatory responses to SCI are sex-dependent at both the level of cellular recruitment and gene expression.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.