ReviewCancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology2021
Cigarette Smoking and Estrogen-Related Cancer.
Review in Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- The effect of body mass index change on breast and uterine cancer risk in middle- and older-aged adults.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Decoding the Link Between Talcum Powder and Ovarian Cancer: A Comprehensive Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Relationship between diagnostic characteristics, lifestyle habits and breast cancer subtypes in women.Revista latino-americana de enfermagem · 2025Article
- Public attitudes about the support for the establishment of smoke-free environment.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- The association of cigarette smoking with the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy: based on cross-sectional survey and mendelian randomization.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Article
- Education level is associated with the occurrence and timing of hysterectomy: A cohort study of Canadian women.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2024Article
- Interaction of smoking and spicy habits modifies the risk of erectile dysfunction.Translational andrology and urology · 2024Article
- Thyroid Cancer Prevalence, Risk Exposure, and Clinical Features Among Transgender Female Veterans.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2024Article
- Epidemiological breast cancer prediction by country: A novel machine learning approach.PloS one · 2024Article
- Adult-Onset Transcriptomic Effects of Developmental Exposure to Benzene in Zebrafish (International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Alternative splicing ofJournal of gynecologic oncology · 2023Article
- Pathway analysis of smoking-induced changes in buccal mucosal gene expression.The Egyptian journal of medical human genetics · 2022Article
- Cigarette Smoking and Estrogen-Related Cancer-Reply.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a known cause of many cancers, yet epidemiologic studies have found protective associations with the risk of four "estrogen-related" malignancies: endometrial cancer, endometrioid and clear cell ovarian cancers, and thyroid cancer. This review considers epidemiologic and biological aspects of these associations, focusing particularly on estrogen signaling, and contrasts them with those for breast cancer, another estrogen-related malignancy. The observational findings regarding the inverse associations are consistent and remain after adjustment for possible confounding factors. In general, women who smoke do not have lower circulating estrogen levels than nonsmokers, eliminating one possible explanation for reduced risks of these malignancies. For endometrial and endometrioid ovarian cancer, the negative associations could plausibly be explained by interference with signaling through the estrogen receptor α. However, this is unlikely to explain the lower risks of thyroid and clear cell ovarian cancers. For thyroid cancer, an anti-inflammatory effect of nicotine and reduced TSH levels from smoking have been proposed explanations for the inverse association, but both lack convincing evidence. While the overall impact of cigarette smoking is overwhelmingly negative, protective associations such as those discussed here can provide potential clues to disease etiology, treatment, and prevention.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.