ArticleCommunications biology2021
Sperm modulate uterine immune parameters relevant to embryo implantation and reproductive success in mice.
Article in Communications biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- The maternal immune response to semen: implications for reproductive success in livestock.Reproduction & fertility · 2026Review
- Uterine epithelial estrogen receptor α temporally regulates preimplantation uterine immunity involving interleukin-1β signaling.Reproductive and developmental medicine · 2026Article
- Investigating the role of the bacterial metabolite ectoine on immune regulation within the bovine female reproductive tract.Journal of animal science · 2026Article
- Male Stress Is Associated with Ovarian and Endometrial Responses in ICSI Cycles: Is Seminal Plasma the Linchpin?International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of seminal plasma synthesis and actions on sperm function for advancing reproductive technologies.The Journal of reproduction and development · 2026Review
- Human seminal plasma suppresses neutrophil antimicrobial functions and promotes bacterial survival.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Environmental influences on seminal plasma: Molecular and functional insights.The Journal of reproduction and development · 2026Review
- Regulatory T cells in pregnancy disorders: a multi-dimensional framework for biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Seminal fluid effects on female reproductive function in laboratory, livestock, and domestic species.The Journal of reproduction and development · 2026Review
- HLA-G, IL-6 and TGF-β in Seminal Plasma as Potential Biomarkers of ART Outcome.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2025Article
- A comparison of spermatogenesis between flies and men-conserved processes of male gamete production.Human reproduction update · 2025Review
- Role of Seminal Exosomes in Reproduction.Journal of cellular physiology · 2025Review
- Sialidases derived frombioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Prior mating without fertilization increases subsequent litter size in mice.Biology letters · 2025Article
- Article
- Semen extender triggers a mild physiological inflammatory response in the uterus without disrupting sperm-uterine immune crosstalk in vitro in cattle.The Journal of reproduction and development · 2025Article
- Assessing Seminal Fluid Interaction with Female Reproductive Tract Tissues: In Vivo and In Vitro Models for Mouse.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Advances in Molecular Biology and Immunology of Spermatozoa and Fertilization in Domestic Animals: Implications for Infertility and Assisted Reproduction.Current molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Seminal Fluid Interaction with Female Reproductive Tract Epithelial Cells: In Vitro Models for Human.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Multi-omics analyses and machine learning prediction of oviductal responses in the presence of gametes and embryos.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Seminal fluid factors modulate the female immune response at conception to facilitate embryo implantation and reproductive success. Whether sperm affect this response has not been clear. We evaluated global gene expression by microarray in the mouse uterus after mating with intact or vasectomized males. Intact males induced greater changes in gene transcription, prominently affecting pro-inflammatory cytokine and immune regulatory genes, with TLR4 signaling identified as a top-ranked upstream driver. Recruitment of neutrophils and expansion of peripheral regulatory T cells were elevated by seminal fluid of intact males. In vitro, epididymal sperm induced IL6, CXCL2, and CSF3 in uterine epithelial cells of wild-type, but not Tlr4 null females. Collectively these experiments show that sperm assist in promoting female immune tolerance by eliciting uterine cytokine expression through TLR4-dependent signaling. The findings indicate a biological role for sperm beyond oocyte fertilization, in modulating immune mechanisms involved in female control of reproductive investment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.