ReviewCytokine & growth factor reviews2021
COVID-19 as a mediator of interferon deficiency and hyperinflammation: Rationale for the use of JAK1/2 inhibitors in combination with interferon.
Review in Cytokine & growth factor reviews, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Metabolic control of macrophages in coronavirus disease 2019.Virulence · 2026Review
- Prime time for the use of statins in MPNs: from comorbidity drugs to disease-modifying partners.Blood advances · 2026Review
- N6-methyladenosine as a potential epitranscriptomic immune rheostat during SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Mucosal implications of oral Jak3-targeted drugs in COVID patients.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Review
- The crucial regulatory role of type I interferon in inflammatory diseases.Cell & bioscience · 2023Review
- Article
- Potential network markers and signaling pathways for B cells of COVID-19 based on single-cell condition-specific networks.BMC genomics · 2023Article
- The detectable anti-interferon-γ autoantibodies in COVID-19 patients may be associated with disease severity.Virology journal · 2023Article
- Comparing the effects of three decoctions for coronavirus disease 2019 on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-related toll-like receptors-mediated inflammations.Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan · 2023Article
- Role of interferons in the antiviral battle: from virus-host crosstalk to prophylactic and therapeutic potential in SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Pharmacological therapies and drug development targeting SARS-CoV-2 infection.Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2022Review
- Recombinant Interferon-β in the Treatment of Polycythemia Vera and Related Neoplasms: Rationales and Perspectives.Cancers · 2022Article
- The Evolutionary Dance between Innate Host Antiviral Pathways and SARS-CoV-2.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Associated Immune Dysregulation and COVID-Associated Pulmonary Aspergilliosis (CAPA): A Cautionary Tale.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Biomarkers during COVID-19: Mechanisms of Change and Implications for Patient Outcomes.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Current utilization of interferon alpha for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019: A comprehensive review.Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2022Review
- The circadian clock component BMAL1 regulates SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication in lung epithelial cells.iScience · 2021Article
- Philadelphia-Negative Chronic Myeloproliferative Neoplasms during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Future Scenarios.Cancers · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) elicits an interferon (IFN) deficiency state, which aggravates the type I interferon deficiency and slow IFN responses, which associate with e.g. aging and obesity. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 may also elicit a cytokine storm, which accounts for disease progression and ultimately the urgent need of ventilator support. Based upon several reports, it has been argued that early treatment with IFN-alpha2 or IFN-beta, preferentially in the early disease stage, may prohibit disease progression. Similarly, preliminary studies have shown that JAK1/2 inhibitor treatment with ruxolitinib or baricitinib may decrease mortality by dampening the deadly cytokine storm, which - in addition to the virus itself - also contributes to multi-organ thrombosis and multi-organ failure. Herein, we describe the rationale for treatment with IFNs (alpha2 or beta) and ruxolitinib emphasizing the urgent need to explore these agents in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 - both as monotherapies and in combination. In this context, we take advantage of several safety and efficacy studies in patients with the chronic myeloproliferative blood cancers (essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera and myelofibrosis) (MPNs), in whom IFN-alpha2 and ruxolitinib have been used successfully for the last 10 (ruxolitinib) to 30 years (IFN) as monotherapies and most recently in combination as well. In the context of these agents being highly immunomodulating (IFN boosting immune cells and JAK1/2 inhibitors being highly immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory), we also discuss if statins and hydroxyurea, both agents possessing anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and antiviral potentials, might be inexpensive agents to be repurposed in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.