Evidence mapPaperPMID 33999960Full record

Trial reportPloS one2021

The effects of the form of sugar (solid vs. beverage) on body weight and fMRI activation: A randomized controlled pilot study.

John W Apolzan, Owen T Carmichael, Krystal M Kirby, Sreekrishna R Ramakrishnapillai, Robbie A Beyl, Corby K Martin

Open access · goldAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph

Trial report in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
0.7field-weighted citation impact, top 31% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Trial
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

John W ApolzanPennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America.ORCID 0000-0001-8492-7820
Owen T CarmichaelPennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America.
Krystal M KirbyPennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America.
Sreekrishna R RamakrishnapillaiPennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America.
Robbie A BeylPennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America.
Corby K MartinPennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center · US

Funding

Louisiana Clinical and Translational Science CenterU54GM104940 · LSU PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CTR · 2025 to 2025
$3.9M
Pilot and Feasibility ProgramP30DK072476 · LSU PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CTR · 2005 to 2025
$2.2M
NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK072476NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM104940
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo test if sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) and sugar sweetened solids (SSSs) have differential effects on body weight and reward processing in the brain.

methodsIn a single blind randomized controlled pilot trial (RCT), twenty participants with BMI between 20 and 40 kg/m2 were randomized to consume a 20 fluid ounce soda (SSB, 248 kcal) or the equivalent in solid form (SSS; similar to thick gelatin or gummy candy) daily. At baseline and day 28, fasting body weight and fed-state BOLD fMRI of the brain were assessed. Differences in fMRI signals between views of low-fat (LF (<30%)) high sugar (HS (>30%)) food, and non-food images were calculated in brain regions implicated in energy homeostasis, taste, and reward.

resultsAll participants in the SSB (6F 4M; 8 Caucasian; 36±14 y, 28.2±5.5 kg/m2; Mean±SD) and SSS (3F 7M; 6 Caucasian; 39±12; 26.3±4.4) groups completed the study. Weight change was 0.27±0.78 kg between SSB and SSS participants. Changes in the fMRI response to LF/HS foods in reward, homeostatic and taste regions tended to not be different between the groups over the four weeks. However, activation of the right substantia nigra increased following the SSB but decreased activation following the SSS in response to LF/HS foods over 28 days (-0.32±0.12). Ratings of wanting for LF/HS foods were correlated with activation in several brain regions, including the OFC.

conclusionsChange in weight was modest between the groups in this study. Daily consumption of a SSB over 28 days led to mixed responses to LF/HS foods in areas of the brain associated with reward. Ratings of wanting are correlated with fMRI activation inside an MRI scanner.

Indexed as

BrainDietary SucroseMagnetic Resonance ImagingAdultAgedBody WeightFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPilot ProjectsSingle-Blind MethodSugar-Sweetened BeveragesDietary Sucrose

Identifiers

PMID33999960
PMCPMC8128228
OpenAlexW3161155806

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.