Trial reportBMC cardiovascular disorders2021
High prevalence of non-dipping patterns among Black Africans with uncontrolled hypertension: a secondary analysis of the CREOLE trial.
Trial report in BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02742467 (Comparison of Three Combination Therapies in Lowering Blood Pressure in Black Africans), which is not on this map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Comparison of Three Combination Therapies in Lowering Blood Pressure in Black Africans
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bedtime Versus Morning Dosing of Anti-hypertensives: A GRADE-Assessed Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials with Trial Sequential Evidence.High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence and Determinants of Abnormal Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Circadian Patterns Among Adults in Ido Ekiti, Nigeria: A Community-Based Study.International journal of hypertension · 2026Article
- Ambulatory Blood Pressure Patterns and Left Ventricular Mass Index in Tanzanian Adults Living with and without HIV.Global heart · 2026Article
- Diagnostic Performance of Unattended Automated Office Blood Pressure Measurement for Hypertension Screening Among People With and Without HIV.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Association between the degree of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nocturnal hypertension.Medicine · 2025Observational
- 2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2025Review
- Hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: the current profile, recent advances, gaps, and priorities.Journal of human hypertension · 2025Review
- Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Treatment of Patients with Resistant Hypertension: A Single-Center Study.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2024Article
- Article
- Abnormal blood pressure dipping pattern: frequency, determinants, and correlates in Diabetes Mellitus patients in the Cardiovascular Health Risk Assessment in Diabetes Mellitus (CHiD) study.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2024Article
- 2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2024Review
- Circadian disruptions and their role in the development of hypertension.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Review
- Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2023Review
- Effects of a high salt diet on blood pressure dipping and the implications on hypertension.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Review
- Co-alterations of circadian clock gene transcripts in human placenta in preeclampsia.Scientific reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 12 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDipping of blood pressure (BP) at night is a normal physiological phenomenon. However, a non-dipping pattern is associated with hypertension mediated organ damage, secondary forms of hypertension and poorer long-term outcome. Identifying a non-dipping pattern may be useful in assessing risk, aiding the decision to investigate for secondary causes, initiating treatment, assisting decisions on choice and timing of antihypertensive therapy, and intensifying salt restriction.
objectivesTo estimate the prevalence and factors associated with non-dipping pattern and determine the effect of 6 months of three antihypertensive regimens on the dipping pattern among Black African hypertensive patients.
methodsThis was a secondary analysis of the CREOLE Study which was a randomized, single blind, three-group trial conducted in 10 sites in 6 Sub-Saharan African countries. The participants were 721 Black African patients, aged between 30 and 79 years, with uncontrolled hypertension and a baseline 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Dipping was calculated from the average day and average night systolic blood pressure measures.
resultsThe prevalence of non-dipping pattern was 78% (564 of 721). Factors that were independently associated with non-dipping were: serum sodium > 140 mmol/l (OR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.17-2.51, p-value 0.005), a higher office systolic BP (OR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.05, p-value 0.003) and a lower office diastolic BP (OR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.95-0.99, p-value 0.03). Treatment allocation did not change dipping status at 6 months (McNemar's Chi
conclusionThere was a high prevalence of non-dipping among Black Africans with uncontrolled hypertension. ABPM should be considered more routinely in Black Africans with uncontrolled hypertension, if resources permit, to help personalise therapy. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms and causes of non-dipping pattern and if targeting night-time BP improves clinical outcomes. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02742467).
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.