Observational studyJournal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD2021
Associations Between Neighborhood Park Access and Longitudinal Change in Cognition in Older Adults: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
Observational study in Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effects of neighborhood built environment on cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review.BMC geriatrics · 2024Pooled it
- Which lumbar spinal stenosis patients will improve with nonsurgical treatment? A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2025Trial
- Exposome-wide association study and predictive risk score for incident Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Neighborhood greenspace and brain imaging outcomes in older adults without dementia from three US Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers.Health & place · 2026Article
- Urban greenspace and dementia: Measures, mechanisms, and methodological guidance.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- Integrating the physical environment into Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease related dementias research: A Gateway Exposome Coordinating Center (GECC) agenda on gaps and priorities.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- Midlife exposure to neighborhood greenness and later-life cognitive decline: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Exploring the pathways between green space and blue space, and cognitive function in later life: a mediation analysis in Northern Ireland.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- A multidimensional narrative review of the association between air pollution and late-life depression risk.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Living in a 20-min neighborhood and brain health and resilience in older adults: The Healthy Brain Initiative.Health & place · 2025Article
- Association of environmental exposome and cognitive function among older adults with and without preclinical Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Article
- Neighborhood Built Environments and Health in Later Life: A Literature Review.Journal of aging and health · 2025Review
- Does cognitive capital reduce the risk of cognitive decline in later life?Innovation in aging · 2025Article
- Rural Roads to Cognitive Resilience (RRR): A prospective cohort study protocol.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Invited Perspective: More Greenspace, Less Cognitive Decline? Current Evidence and Future Directions.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- Invited Perspective: Blue Skies and Alzheimer's Disease.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- Spatial scale effects on associations between built environment and cognitive function: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.Health & place · 2024Article
- Structural and social determinants of health: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.PloS one · 2024Article
- Social Determinants of Health, Risk and Resilience against Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias: The Healthy Brain Initiative.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPreliminary evidence suggests associations between neighborhood park access and better late-life cognition and reduced Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk.
objectiveExamine associations between neighborhood park access and longitudinal change in cognition among U.S. older adults without dementia.
methodsWe used 2000-2018 observational data from the population-based, multi-site Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (n = 1,733). Measures included proportion of neighborhood park space (park access), distance to nearest park, and 6-year dichotomous and continuous change in scores on the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI; global cognition) and Digit Symbol Coding task (processing speed). Multivariable random intercept models tested main associations and mediation by depressive symptoms, physical activity, and PM2.5 exposure. Effect modification by race (African Americans/Blacks versus Whites) was tested using interaction terms.
resultsGreater park access (equivalent to 10%more in 1/2-mile around home) was associated with maintained/improved CASI score over six years independent of several covariates including individual- and neighborhood-level socioeconomic status (Odds ratio: 1.04; 95%confidence interval: 1.00-1.08). No other associations were observed with the dichotomous or continuous measures of cognitive change and no mediators were found. While a borderline association was seen between greater park access and maintained/improved CASI for African Americans/Blacks but not for Whites, effect modification was not confirmed by testing interaction terms.
conclusionNeighborhood park access may help maintain/improve late-life global cognition. However, our findings need replication in other population-based studies and regions. Additionally, studies are needed to determine if associations between park access and change in cognition vary by race/ethnicity to inform intervention efforts.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.